The Climate Absolute Radiance and Refractivity Observatory will be a climate benchmarking mission intended to include instruments for measuring Earth’s atmospheric refractivity by GNSS radio occultation (RO), high spectral resolution thermal infrared spectra emitted from the Earth, and the spectrally resolved reflected shortwave spectrum. Climate benchmarking is necessary to establish a record ...

We analyze the stability of a low-order coupled sea ice and climate model and extract the essential physics governing the time scales of response as a function of greenhouse gas forcing. Under present climate conditions the stability is controlled by longwave radiation driven heat conduction. However, as greenhouse gas forcing increases and the ice cover decays, the destabilizing influence of i...

A one-dimensional sea ice-ocean model with its application in the Arctic Ocean is presented. The model includes a mixed-layer ocean model, a multi-layer snow/ice model, and the interfaces among atmosphere, snow/sea ice, and sea water. The observational data from the measurements at the ice station of the Surface Heat Budget of the Arctic Ocean (SHEBA) field experiment between November 1997 and ...

Abstract. The surface mass balance scheme dEBM (diurnal Energy Balance Model) provides a novel interface between the atmosphere and land ice for Earth system modeling, which is based on energy of glaciated surfaces. In contrast to empirical schemes, accounts changes in Earth’s orbit atmospheric composition. only requires monthly forcing (precipitation, temperature, shortwave longwave radiation,...