BACKGROUND While there has been a considerable amount of research on the association between women’s education and fertility rates, few of these studies have examined the pattern of fertility differentials over the course of the fertility transition. As a country that has experienced a rapid decline in fertility and marked improvements in women’s educational attainment over the last several dec...

We describe a Bayesian projection model to produce country-specific projections of the total fertility rate (TFR) for all countries. The model decomposes the evolution of TFR into three phases: pre-transition high fertility, the fertility transition, and post-transition low fertility. The model for the fertility decline builds on the United Nations Population Division's current deterministic pr...

The aim of this thesis was to explore conditions for selection and genetic improvement of fertility and longevity in dairy cattle. The background is that single-trait selection for milk production is known to lead to impaired fertility and consequently to shorter lifespan. This in turn results in financial losses and ethical concerns. Since many years, the Swedish dairy farmers have recorded mi...

This paper considers the applicability of the concept of the second demographic transition in Japan. In the concept of the second demographic transition in Europe, the change of the attitude toward intimate relationship and the introduction of effective means of contraception in the 1960s are considered to play important roles. Accordingly, I presented some indicators on sexual behaviour, relat...

BACKGROUND In 2013 a draft population bill was introduced in the Iranian Parliament. Based on the presumption that fertility in Iran had fallen to a very low level, the bill proposed a wide range of pronatalist policies with the aim of increasing fertility to 2.5 births per woman. The draft law called for restrictions on the employment of women and young single people and inducements for women ...

Fertility, the component of selection due to female fecundity and male mating success, differed significantly among the ST/ST, ST/AR, and AR/AR karyotypes in experimental populations and varied with karyotypic frequency. In relation to ST/AR, ST/ST females and males had higher fertilities at low frequency; AR/AR males and females were at a significant fertility disadvantage at intermediate freq...

This paper argues that the decline in the Japanese total fertility rate was caused mainly by the rise in the unmarried population. Possible explanations are late marriages, high educational expenditures and housing costs, women’s higher education and increased participation in the workforce, and a change in cultural values. The fertility rate among married women has remained at the replacement ...

Germany (former West and East Germany), Austria, Switzerland and the Netherlands are situated in Western Europe with tight relations in history, culture and language. As for fertility trend, they show certain similar patterns (except for former East Germany). Their total fertility rates (henceforth referred to as simply TFRs) declined rapidly from the mid-1960s to the mid-1970s and since then r...

Because ancestral women faced trade-offs in choosing mates, they may have evolved to pursue a dual-mating strategy in which they secured investment through one partner and obtained good genes through others. The dual-mating theory predicts that women will display greater interest in extra-pair sex near ovulation, especially if they are mated to a primary male partner who is low in sexual attrac...

As societies transform from a predominantly traditional to a predominantly modem system they tend to experience considerable demographic changes. Ansley Coale (1984) notes that this "transformation is the substitution of slow growth achieved with low fertility and mortality for slow growth maintained with relatively high fertility and mortality rates." Islam is one of the world’s major monothei...