BACKGROUND Reports of malformed frogs have increased throughout the North American continent in recent years. Most of the observed malformations have involved the hind limbs. The goal of this study was to accurately characterize the hind limb malformations in wild frogs as an important step toward understanding the possible etiologies. METHODS During 1997 and 1998, 182 recently metamorphosed ...

A unique clinical case of a combination malformations the anterior abdominal wall (omphalocele large size) and malformation lymphatic system (congenital chyloperitoneum) is presented. Each these defects can lead to fatal outcome, them has greatly increased risk developing an unfavourable outcome. The use immunosuppressive therapy with Sirolimus used for first time during newborn period made it ...

Cavernous malformations (CMs) are vascular lesions found in the central nervous system (CNS) and throughout the body and have been called cavernomas, cavernous angiomas, and cavernous hemangiomas. This article discusses the epidemiology, natural history, diagnosis, treatment and follow-up of children who are found to harbor these lesions. CMs affect children by causing hemorrhage, seizure, foca...

Riley-Smith syndrome Macrocephaly, pseudopapilloedema, lymphaticovenous malformation Introduction An arteriovenous malformation (AVM) is defined as an abnormal communication between an artery and vein that bypasses a capillary bed. These lesions may present as isolated, innocuous cutaneous naevi, or they rarely may take the form of life-threatening systemic shunts involving large portions of th...

1. Venous malformations: congenital venous anomalies pathologically characterised by anomalous veins (thickened and hyalinised walls) separated by normal brain. These anatomically abnormal veins drain normal brain tissue. It is thought that they result from intrauterine ischemic event occurring during the formation of medullary veins resulting in collateral venous drainage. This is the most com...

In the female, Müllerian ducts will develop to form the uterine tubes, uterus, cervix, and the upper one-third of the vagina; in the male, they are lost. This abnormal development can lead to uterine malformations resulting from aplasia of a part of Müllerian duct. Morphological abnormalities can vary from insufficient fission of tissues causing bicornuate uterus, double uterus or preserved ute...

This article reviews the current status of anorectal malformations in the neonate. It begins by discussing the history, epidemiology, and embryology, followed by a discussion of the genetic process causing these diseases. Diagnosis and workup is then discussed, followed by specific details of the surgical treatment of these malformations. The article concludes with a brief review of the complic...