t ferdous al-hekma (paradise of wisdom) is one of the oldest medical texts in the islamic world written in arabic in 850 ad by ali ibn raban tabari. he was a persian physician who moved from tabaristan (mazandaran province of modern day iran) to samarra during the reign of the abbasid caliph al-mutawakkil (847-861 ad). we studied the book of ferdous al-hekma fil-tibb, in an attempt to comprehen...

subh al-'a'sh? f? san?'at al-insh?' is one of the greatest encyclopedias produced in the islamic civilization before the ninth century after hegira. the book addresses a plethora of historical, scientific and literary issues in which the writer explains the administration mechanism of d?w?n al-insh?' (a secretariat keeping the records of non-financial and non-military c...

intertextuality is one of the most important theories in comparative literature, because it deals with effectiveness of literature, just like comparative literature. the theorists believe that any text is the result of absorption and transformation of another text. the maqama technique has had a great impact on european literature in terms of fiction writing and has technically inspired picares...

We consider insurance markets with adverse selection and propose a mechanism under which a separating Nash equilibrium always exists (even when a Rothschild-Stiglizt equilibrium does not). This equilibrium is unique and always (interim) incentive efficient. In our setting, the Rothschild-Stiglizt equilibrium exists and coincides with ours only if the former is incentive efficient. Otherwise, ou...

This study is about the Qur'anic recitation and misinterpretation of word _taghanni_, an attempt to summarise sayings scholars in this section. _Taghanni_ does not mean that one should sing while reciting Quran; rather, it means make their voice beautiful when it. Making required so both reader listener can focus properly benefit. Scholars from past present have disagreed on issue Qur'an with m...

irony in literature containing a combination of cash and spelling, sarcasm and humor used by the writer to express issues which call for criticism in the communities in a language full of laughter and wry humor. this art of literature is a magic mirror reflects the realities of women in society are fresh attract the hearts of the target audience, and will make him to laugh first and urging them...

background: current development of surgery is due to medical practitioners and surgeons practices and experiments throughout the history. albucasis, the muslim spanish physician in 10 century ad was one of the pioneers in surgery that had major influence by his innovations in surgical techniques, treatment approaches and invention of instruments. he introduced a type of surgical knife named mok...

eminent allah has stated; the merciful prophet mohammad is superior to believers than themselves. therefore honoring the merciful prophet mohammad is urgent for the muslims in order to repel the attacks of the current era ignorance. based on what was stated i decided to introduce a current age poet who is called the boosiri of his era. he is the one whose most of works have been allocated to pu...

This paper begins a series studying D-modules on the Feigin-Frenkel semi-infinite flag variety from the perspective of the Beilinson-Drinfeld factorization (or chiral) theory. Here we calculate Whittaker-twisted cohomology groups of Zastava spaces, which are certain finite-dimensional subvarieties of the affine Grassmannian. We show that such cohomology groups realize the nilradical of a Borel ...

cases where bayt al-mal is responsible for payment of compensation are sometimes accompanied by intensification of compensation. the question is that whether bayt al-mal should pay the intensified compensation in such cases. this question has not been answered in juristic and, legal texts. in addition to causing difference in opinions, it has caused courts to doubt generalization of the intensi...