Using Photovoltaic systems is gradually expanded by increasing energy demand. Abundance and availability of this energy, has turned to one of the most important sources of renewable energy. Unfortunately, photovoltaic systems have two big problems: first, those have very low energy conversion efficiency (in act between 12 and 42 percent under certain circumstances). Second, the power produced b...

This second paper of two companion papers on the estimation of power spectra specializes to the topic of estimating galaxy power spectra at large, linear scales using maximum likelihood methods. As in the first paper, the aims are pedagogical, and the emphasis is on concepts rather than technical detail. The paper covers most of the salient issues, including selection functions, likelihood func...

We evaluate the efficiency at maximum power of a quantum-dot Carnot heat engine. The universal values of the coefficients at the linear and quadratic order in the temperature gradient are reproduced. Curzon-Ahlborn efficiency is recovered in the limit of weak dissipation.

Abstract The photovoltaic array’s power-voltage curve usually appears multiple peaks in the presence of partial occlusion and fault conditions, habitual maximum power point tracking (MPPT) algorithm is not easy to discover MPP global space, thus falling into local range, which extremely decreases efficiency generation system. In this paper, a robust optimum design technology employing an enhanc...

in this article our objective is to obtain steady state characteristics of shunt, series, and separately excited dc motors coupled with a centrifugal water pump supplied through a step-up, step-down, and cuk converter from photovoltaic generator. we assume that there are no storage batteries and, of course, the system must operate on maximum utilization i.e. maximum water must be pumped. it is ...