Recent studies show that humans can rapidly learn to differentiate originally meaningless sounds into long-lasting memories, illustrating the flexibility of sensory processes and raising important questions about how sensory memories are formed.

Deep neural networks (DNN) can achieve high performance when applied to In-Distribution (ID) data which come from the same distribution as training set. When presented with anomaly inputs not ID, outputs of a DNN should be regarded meaningless. However, modern often predict an ID class confidence, is dangerous and misleading. In this work, we consider three classes inputs, (1) natural different...

To what extent is what we perceive influenced by what we know? Although a large literature purports to show effects of knowledge, expectations, and other cognitive states on various aspects of perception, strong counterarguments have been advanced that these demonstrations are confounded by nonperceptual factors. For example, although letters are easier to recognize in meaningful words than mea...

Although I hate to begin a serious article on an important Supreme Court case this way, the Court’s recent decision in Arthur Andersen LLP v. United States1 reminds me of nothing so much as the old Woody Allen line that ‘‘[s]ex without love is an empty experience . . . but as empty experiences go, it’s one of the best.’’2 This is because for all practical purposes, Andersen is a meaningless dec...

BACKGROUND Functional imaging and electrophysiological data from patients with primary dystonia reveal widespread abnormalities in brain areas associated with higher motor functions but to date there has been little investigation of the functional consequences of these abnormalities. The aim of this study was to use a battery of tests of praxis, based on those tests used in routine clinical exa...

The irrelevant speech effect (ISE) refers to the impairment of visual information processing by background speech. Prior research on the ISE has focused on short-term memory for visually-presented word lists. The present research extends this work by using measurements of eye movements to examine effects of irrelevant background speech during Chinese reading. This enabled an examination of the ...