1 Introduction In the last decade or so, our knowledge of the roles of the steroids referred to as 'sex hormones' namely testosterone and estradiol, has undergone a quiet revolution. In the first place, models of androgen and estrogen insufficiency, whether they be natural or engineered, have revealed new and unexpected roles for sex steroids, some of which have nothing to do with reproduction....

Introduction: Leptin is a critical metabolic signal linking nutrition and reproductive functions. Leptin receptors are expressed in germ cells, Sertoli and Leydig cells. Oxidative stress increases sperm DNA damages. Nitric oxide is a free radical, produced by most cells via Nitric Oxide (NO) synthase and plays stimulatory and inhibitory roles on cells. Physiological concentrations of NO are ess...

Despite the dramatically increased entry of women into general surgery and surgical subspecialties, traditionally male-dominated fields, there remains a gross under-representation of women in the leadership positions of these departments. Women begin their careers with fewer academic resources and tend to progress through the ranks slower than men. Female surgeons also receive significantly low...

We investigate labour market outcomes of Chinese immigrants in Canada focusing on the impact of career change on women as they enter the Canadian labour market. The sample includes men and women with higher education, from the People’s Republic of China. Applying an institutional approach, we discuss how professions are institutionalised into segmented labour markets with specific expectations ...

BACKGROUND Pakistan is a patriarchal society where men are the primary authority figures and women are subordinate. This has serious implications on women's and men's life prospects. OBJECTIVE The aim was to explore current gender roles in urban Pakistan, how these are reproduced and maintained and influence men's and women's life circumstances. DESIGN Five focus group discussions were cond...

BACKGROUND Although there have been a number of studies on the effects of multiple roles on health and how a combination of work and family roles may be either advantageous (role enhancement) or disadvantageous (role strain) for health, there has been relatively little investigation on the psychosocial content of such roles. Work-to-family conflict and family-to-work conflict could arise from i...

Brain waste studies seldom analyse the skills development of tertiary-educated workers according to gender and country origin. Combining statistical analyses, participatory workshops 77 qualitative interviews on employment trajectories with highly skilled in Switzerland, I offer three contributions. An intersectional perspective reveals unequal opportunities development: Swiss-born men have hig...

The gender perspective examines the impact of on people's opportunities, social roles, and interactions. successful implementation policy goals, programs projects international national organizations is directly influenced by impacts thereby back to development process. Gender an integral part all aspects economic, social, daily private life individuals societies, various roles that society att...

Social psychological research has sought to understand and mitigate the psychological barriers that block women's interest, performance, and advancement in male-dominated, agentic roles (e.g., science, technology, engineering, and math). Research has not, however, correspondingly examined men's underrepresentation in communal roles, traditionally occupied by women (e.g., careers in health care,...