Abstract With remarkable regularity, escalation processes in soccer stadiums lead to violence between police, private security guards, and fans. This article examines the question of how this happens what it means. In a consideration Reckwitz’s thesis society singularities, data from participant observation, interviews, video analysis is examined order address whether going games can be underst...

The Olympic Games are an important sporting event with notable consequences for the general economic landscape of the host city. Traditional economic assessments focus on the aggregated impact of the event on the national income, but fail to provide micro-scale insights on why local businesses will benefit from the increased activity during the Games. In this paper we provide a novel approach t...

School environments may contribute to adolescent behavior, reproductive physiology and body composition (BC). The Nutritional and Health Survey in Taiwan (2010) for 1458 junior high school students was geo-mapped for 30 school environs. Facilities for physical activity (fitness centers, gymnasia and sports stadiums, activity centers and parks), sedentary activities (reading material rental shop...

In an era of unprecedented profitability, expansion, and popularity of American professional sports leagues, it seems outrageous that cities and municipalities across the United States would continue to subsidize the funding of new stadiums for wealthy sports franchises. Yet despite the economic obstacles facing many of these cities and municipalities, the gratuitous public funding of stadiums ...

In less than a decade, the Egyptian Premier League has experienced three distinct changes between periods of competition in either crowded or empty stadiums. We exploit this unique sequence natural experiments, to answer two questions neglected by still emerging literature on effects social pressure behaviour and decision-making. First, does reinstating supportive crowd after long period absenc...

Patrik Wyss, Shaihan J Malik, Vincent O Boer, Johanna J Bluemink, Alexander Raaijmakers, Mustafa Cavusoglu, Peter Luijten, Johannes J Hoogduin, Giel Mens, and Anke Henning Institute for Biomedical Engineering, UZH and ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland, Imaging Sciences and Biomedical Engineering, Kings College London, London, United Kingdom, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands...

Two reform movements transformed American criminal law in the quarter century that began in the late 1960s. Their origins and effects were starkly different, and their conflict meant that, on core choices about the basis for criminal liability, one movement had to win and the other had to lose. The first movement was the wave of criminal code reform inspired by the American Law Institute’s Mode...