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Based on the case of China’s timber market, the paper analyses the impact of information standardization on the improvement of market efficiency. Information standardization can week the extent of asymmetric information, reduce the information costs in trade, and hence enlarge the market scale. Our microeconomic model shows that, if there is uncertainty in the market demand and market supply, t...

The functional attributes of the vocalizations produced by young male COWbirds during their first fall and winter, termed "vocal precursors," were tested by playing the sounds back to female cow­ birds. Five classes of vocalizations were tested: subsong, plastic, formatted, and stereotyped song, and songs of nonconspecifics. Females responded selectively to the four classes of cowbird vocaliza­...

Argumentation is the process of constructing arguments about propositions, and the assign­ ment of statements of confidence to those propo­ sitions based on the nature and relative strength of their supporting arguments. The process is modelled as a labelled deductive system, in which propositions are doubly labelled with the grounds on which they are based and a represen­ tation of the confide...

T he heart of accountability under the No Child Left Behind (NCLB) Act is an attempt to change the existing incentives in schools with the ultimate objective that all students meet a proficiency standard. Existing research indicates that nothing is more important to high achieve­ ment as having effective teachers, implying that the impact of new incentives on teachers will be central to any con...

Agent tracking involves monitoring the observ­ able actions of other agents as well as infer­ ring their unobserved actions, plans, goals and behaviors. In a dynamic, real-time environ­ ment, an intelligent agent faces the challenge of tracking other agents' flexible mix of goaldriven and reactive behaviors, and doing so in real-time, despite ambiguities. This paper presents RESC (REal-time Sit...

The Computer-Based Alternative Assessment (CBAA) project is concerned with finding ways to answer these questions for all levels of students from elementary through university. Project activities involve developing and testing alternative means to enhance educational assessment with confidence measurement, analysis of self-awareness, and performance evaluation. The research demonstrates how com...

The article is devoted to the main types of motivational relations from synchronous point view in English word-formation rows with suffix -ment. Verbal, verbal-nominal, nominal, adjectival, verbal-adjectival were built. Their structure investigated help relator language applicative generative model, which results profound analysis, and detailed study rows. peculiarities semantic motivation thor...