language must be studied as a social behavior and the aim of language instruction must be to facilitate learners’ acquisition of communicative competence; the ability to speak both accurately and appropriately. rules of speaking must be included into second language classroom teaching. we should teach linguistic rules along with social rules. in this study a number of social functions in persia...

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We show how using intuitionistic linear logic ambiguities can be speciied and resolved while respecting constraints imposed on the structure of representations. Our approach is to use linear logic as a metalanguage to deene underspeciied representations and to infer possible courses of disambiguations. We argue that in disambiguating underspeciied representations the following four factors play...

This paper presents a case study showing how hybrid methods of knowledge elicitation can be used to build models in support of the functioning of intelligent agents. What facilitates both the elicitation of knowledge and its conversion into actionable models is the use of a unified representational knowledge scheme – specifically, an unambiguous, ontologically grounded metalanguage that serves ...

We present and discuss various formalizations of Modal Logics in Logical Frameworks based on Type Theories. We consider both Hilbertand Natural Deduction-style proof systems for representing both truth (local) and validity (global) consequence relations for various Modal Logics. We introduce several techniques for encoding the structural peculiarities of necessitation rules, in the typed λ-calc...

We present an approach based on the use of deductive rewriting to construct a trusted compiler for a subset of the native functions of higher order logic. Program transformations are specified by equality theorems that characterize the transformations; and the mechanical application of these rules is directed by programs written in the metalanguage of the logical framework. Each application of ...

This paper surveys languages used to enrich contextual information with semantic descriptions. Such descriptions can be e.g. applied to enable reasoning when collecting vast amounts of row data in domains like smart environments. In particular, we focus on the elements of the languages that make up their semantic. To do so, we compare the expressiveness of the well-known languages OWL, PDDL and...

We present two case studies in formal reasoning about untyped λ-calculus in Coq, using both first-order and higher-order abstract syntax. In the first case, we prove the equivalence of three definitions of α-equivalence; in the second, we focus on properties of substitution. In both cases, we deal with contexts, which are rendered by means of higher-order terms (functions) in the metalanguage. ...