This work presents a three dimensional microstructural analysis of medium carbon steels, based on serial sectioning using optical microscopy. The microstructural phases considered here are ferrite and pearlite. Typically conventional 2D microscopy is used to analyze these phases, with eddy current or ultrasonic methods as alternatives. Medium carbon steel samples were heat treated in a furnace ...

The unusual properties of many multifunctional materials originate from a structural phase transformation and consequent martensitic microstructure. Phase-field models are typically used to predict the formation of microstructural patterns and subsequent evolution under applied loads. However, formulating a phase-field energy with the correct equilibrium crystal structures and that also respect...

Superalloys are metallic alloys used for high temperature applications such as encountered in the aircraft industry and where resistance to deformation is a primary requirement. Alloy 718 and waspaloy are few examples of Nickel-base superalloys that resist deformation at elevated temperatures and are therefore difficult to hot work. The major hotworking operations are forging, extrusion, and ro...

OBJECTIVE To investigate the association of kidney function with white matter microstructural integrity. METHODS We included 2,726 participants with a mean age of 56.6 years (45% men) from the population-based Rotterdam Study. Albumin-to-creatinine ratio, and estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR), using serum cystatin C (eGFRcys) and creatinine (eGFRcr), were measured to evaluate kidney...

Diffusion dominates the creep deformation at low stress range for high chromium steel P91. Brittle creep fracture is caused by cavity nucleation, growth and coalescence of cavities and large precipitates (Laves phase and M23C6) at grain boundary under low stress range. At low stress range, a linear relation between strain at failure and different stresses has been described. Moreover, the minim...

Effectiveness of a second phase in metallic glass heterostructures to improve mechanical properties varies widely. Unfortunately, methods to fabricate such heterostructures like foams and composites do not allow controlled variation of structural features. Here we report a novel strategy, which allows us to vary heterostructural features independently, thereby enabling a systematic and quantita...

BACKGROUND Diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) has revealed microstructural aspects of adolescent brain development, the cognitive correlates of which remain relatively uncharacterized. METHODS DTI was used to assess white matter microstructure in 18 typically developing adolescents (ages 16-18). Fractional anisotropy (FA) and mean diffusion (MD) were evaluated within the splenium and body of the ...

It is generally accepted that the strength and stiffness of trabecular bone is strongly affected by trabecular microstructure. It has also been hypothesized that stress induced adaptation of trabecular bone is affected by trabecular tissue level stress and/or strain. At this time, however, there is no generally accepted (or easily accomplished) technique for predicting the effect of microstruct...

In Diffusion Weighted MR Imaging (DWI), the signal is affected by the biophysical properties of neuronal cells and their relative placement, as well as extra-cellular tissue compartments. Typically, microstructural indices, such as fractional anisotropy (FA) and mean diffusivity (MD), are based on a tensor model that cannot disentangle the influence of these parameters. Recently, Neurite Orient...