While endodontic microsurgery has been making tremendous strides in the past 20 years, there are still basic concepts that are confusing or frustrating for the novice and experienced surgeon alike. These issues, such as microscope positioning and the relationship with the surgeon's ergonomics and line of sight to the surgical field, making use of natural hand movements and positions, are addres...

Computer systems for surgical planning and training are poised to greatly impact the traditional versions of these tasks. These systems provide an opportunity to learn surgical techniques with lower costs and lower risks. We have developed a virtual environment for the graphical visualization of complex surgical objects and real-time interaction with these objects using real surgical tools. An ...

Transanal endoscopic microsurgery may be considered medically necessary for treatment of clinical T1 rectal adenocarcinomas than cannot be removed using other means of local excision and that meet all of the following criteria:  Located in the middle or upper part of the rectum  Well or moderately differentiated (G1 or G2)  Without lymphadenopathy or microscopic angiolymphatic invasion  Les...

Delivery of healthcare in different economic models presents opportunities and challenges for the generations and populations. In the Caribbean nations, there is a wide disparity of level of healthcare provided both between countries and within individual countries. The Cuban medical system is very advanced in comparison to other countries (Caribbean region). In fact in the infant mortality rat...