The value of federal income-tax deductions, such as the home mortgage interest deduction (MID), varies across geographic regions. Taxpayers in regions with relatively high incomes, state and local income taxes, and housing costs are more likely to utilize deductions; that is, they are more likely to itemize, more likely to have a larger deduction conditional on itemizing, and more likely to get...

This paper focuses on Warren Nutter’s The Extent of Enterprise Monopoly in the United States, 1899-1939. 2 This started out as a (1949) doctoral dissertation at The University of Chicago, part of Aaron Director’s Free Market Study. Besides Director, O.H. Brownlee and Milton Friedman were closely involved with supervising it. It was published by The University of Chicago Press in 1951. In the 19...

The Nigerian Shari’a crisis, with its layered and complicated processes, reveals contending perspectives, thoughts, and debates on governance and politics in contemporary Nigerian society. Significantly, this complex process is contested among Northern Nigerian Muslims themselves —not to mention the fierce contestations between Northern Nigerian Muslims and Northern non-Muslims, confrontations ...

The cyclic model of the universe has an old history in India. It has long held the preëminent position regarding the origins of the universe, and it has been described in astronomical texts, mythology, and philosophical literature. Within the current cycle, which is supposed to have begun several billion years ago, are smaller cycles of pole changes and extinctions on earth. Salient features of...

High brightness mid-IR sources have matured and are becoming viable solutions to many medical, defense, and sensing demands. Recently, super-continuum from 3.6-4.8μm with an average power of 22W has been demonstrated using a ZGP optical parametric oscillator [1]. To fully utilize the power and bandwidth of sources like these, passive optical components possessing both high optical and high ther...