This case report describes a temporal relationship of unilateral neuroretinitis following the second Pfizer-BioNTech COVID-19 (Pfizer) vaccine. A 16-year-old male mixed ethnicity presented with gradual loss vision and pain on eye movement in his left 12 days after Pfizer His visual acuity was counting fingers at half meter. There optic nerve head swelling macular exudates star-shaped pattern pe...

BACKGROUND A vaccine consisting of a single dose of whole-cell autoclave-killed Leishmania major (ALM) mixed with BCG was assessed in comparison with BCG alone against anthroponotic (human to human transmission) cutaneous leishmaniasis in a randomised double-blind trial in Bam, Iran. METHODS 3637 schoolchildren, aged 6-15 years, with no history of cutaneous leishmaniasis and no response to a ...

Vaccine diplomacy has developed new dynamics of geopolitics between the world’s superpowers as a result global COVID-19 pandemic vaccination. This study contributes to existing body literature on in South while focusing changing aspects resulting India's vaccine diplomacy. It primarily determines geopolitical agendas behind diplomatic practices India, which is used tool soft power influence int...

The location of injection and vaccine deposition in ovo is known to be critical to the efficacy of Marek's disease (MD) vaccine protection against MD viral challenge. Vaccine deposition into the amniotic sac or a s.c. or i.m. site of the embryo is required for MD vaccine efficacy. Vaccine deposition into the air cell or allantoic fluid results in chicks that are not adequately protected against...

BACKGROUND Cervix cancer, preventable, continues to be the third most common cancer in women worldwide, especially in lowest income countries. Prophylactic HPV vaccination should help to reduce the morbidity and mortality associated with cervical cancer. The purpose of the study was to describe the results of and key concerns in eight HPV vaccination programs conducted in seven lowest income co...

INTRODUCTION Ensuring production capacity of efficacious vaccines for pandemic preparedness alone may not be sufficient for effective influenza control. Community willingness to accept the vaccine is also critical. Population acceptance must therefore be recognised as a major determinant of vaccine effectiveness, and the social, cultural and economic determinants of population acceptance requir...

INTRODUCTION Initial evaluation of a candidate vaccine against HIV includes an assessment of the vaccine's ability to generate immune responses. However, the dynamics of vaccine-induced immune responses are unclear. We hypothesized that the IFN-γ producing cytotoxic CD8+ (CD8+ IFN-γ+) T cell responses could be predicted by early IL-2 producing CD4+ (CD4+ IL-2+) helper T cell responses, and we e...