Abstract The progress of technology and the complete integration its products in our daily lives is now a reality. In addition to this, more young children own their personal mobile devices, most which have connection internet. These new portable devices offer unlimited possibilities users, yet they also create challenges field learning. Inevitably, Mobile-assisted language learning (MALL) as s...

Agents and mobile appliances offer the promise to change the way people purchase products by connecting the physical presence of stores with their Internet representation and delegating consumer tasks to intelligent pieces of autonomous software. The archetypical example is the shopping mall of the future; shoppers use personal digital assistants (PDA) to interact with store services while in t...

This paper presents a model of shadow banking in which the shadow and the traditional banking systems share a symbiotic relationship. The analysis shows that competition with an opaque and fragile shadow bank can bene…t the traditional bank, especially when the traditional bank faces liquidity risk stemming from collective actions by investors, such as runs. The opacity and fragility of the sha...

Useful mobile database access depends on available resources of handhelds and wireless networks. Smaller database answers cope better with this situation. The bene ts of smaller database responses are faster transfer times, and therefore, smaller transfer costs, and decreased power and memory consumption of mobile devices. Existing research approaches for data reduction do not exactly meet redu...

Mobile agents are processes which can autonomously migrate to new hosts. Despite its many practical bene ts, mobile agent technology results in signi cant new security threats frommalicious agents and hosts. The primary added complication is that, as an agent traverses multiple hosts that are trusted to di erent degrees, its state can change in ways that adversely impact its functionality. In t...

This study aimed at examining the major mobile wireless technologies, that is,mobile phones and the possibilities associated with them, currently in use in theeducational domains, with an emphasis on language teaching and learning practices.Accordingly, some of the most typical studies using different functions of mobilephones such as e-mail, multimedia capabilities, Wireless Application Protoc...