We develop a parameterized post-Friedmann (PPF) framework which describes three regimes of modified gravity models that accelerate the expansion without dark energy. On large scales, the evolution of scalar metric and density perturbations must be compatible with the expansion history defined by distance measures. On intermediate scales in the linear regime, they form a scalar-tensor theory wit...

In this paper, we present a fast multipole method (FMM) for the half-space Green’s function in a homogeneous elastic half-space subject to zero normal stress, for which an explicit solution was given by Mindlin (1936). The image structure of this Green’s function is unbounded, so that standard outgoing representations are not easily available. We introduce two such representations here, one inv...

This paper introduces an efficient modified derivative-free method for bound constrained optimization problems. It is based on the coordinate search method. During the running of the algorithm, it incorporates the progressive obtained local information into the current iteration. Actually, after we find two different suitable descent directions, we introduce the composite expansion step. By doi...

After antigenic stimulation, CD8(+) T cells undergo clonal expansion and differentiation into CTLs that can mount a strong defense against intracellular pathogens and tumors. SWAP-70-like adapter of T cells (SLAT), also known as Def6, is a novel guanine nucleotide exchange factor for the Cdc42 GTPase and plays a role in CD4(+) T cell activation and Th cell differentiation by controlling Ca(2+)/...