The challenge of one-dimensional systems is to understand their physics beyond the level of known elementary excitations. By high-resolution neutron spectroscopy in a quantum spin-ladder material, we probe the leading multiparticle excitation by characterizing the two-magnon bound state at zero field. By applying high magnetic fields, we create and select the singlet (longitudinal) and triplet ...

The metaphor of the "genetic program," indicating the genome as a set of instructions required to build a phenotype, has been very influential in biology despite various criticisms over the years. This metaphor, first published in 1961, is thought to have been invented independently in two different articles, one by Ernst Mayr and the other by François Jacob and Jacques Monod. Here, after a det...

Kinetics of single cell protein production from natural gas by a microorganism (a Methylomonas sp.) was studied experimentally and by modeling at equal amount of air and natural gas. Kinetic models of Monod, Moser, Teissier, Aiba, Andrews, and Noack were used for illustrating cell growth. Methane and oxygen were considered as limited substrates with concentration in the range 2-10 mg/lit. Death...

Some of these studies have been reported in a preliminary communication, Hoffee, P., and E. Englesberg, Bacteriol. Proc., 1962, p. 120. Abbreviations: ATP, adenosine triphosphate; aMG, alpha methyl D-glucopyranoside. t Predoctoral Research Fellow, U.S. Public Health Service. l Rickenberg, H. V., G. N. Cohen, G. Buttin, and J. Monod, Ann. Inst. Pasteur, 91, 829 (1956). 2 Cohen, G. N., and J. Mon...

We calculate the partition function of a gas of particles obeying Haldane exclusion statistics, using a definition of a Hilbert space having a ‘fractional dimension’ and constructing appropriate coherent states. The fractional dimension is expressed though the form of the identity operator in the Hilbert space. We find that there many possible generalisations of the Pauli exclusion principle, w...

Inelastic neutron scattering was used to probe edge states in a quantum spin liquid. The experiment was performed on finite length antiferromagnetic spin-1 chains in Y2BaNi1-xMgxO5. At finite fields, there is a Zeeman resonance below the Haldane gap. The wave-vector dependence of its intensity provides direct evidence for staggered magnetization at chain ends, which decays exponentially towards...

A bosonized-field-theory representation of spin operators in the uniform-field-induced Tomonaga-Luttinger-liquid (TLL) phase in spin-1 Haldane chains is formulated by means of the non-Abelian (Tsvelik’s Majorana fermion theory) and the Abelian bosonizations and Furusaki-Zhang technique [Phys. Rev. B 60, 1175 (1999)]. It contains massive magnon fields as well as massless boson fields. From it, a...

The response of solids to temperature gradients is often described in terms a gravitational analogue: the effect space-dependent modeled using space dependent metric. We investigate validity this approach describing bulk quantum Hall states and other gapped chiral topological states. To end, we consider prototypical Haldane model two different cases (i) electrostatic potential (ii) chemical imp...

a lab-scale cross flow membrane bioreactor (cf-mbr) was operated to determine the biokinetic coefficients under mlss concentrations of 5000 and 3000 mg/l. the investigation showed that the yield (y), the endogenous decay coefficient (kd), the maximum specific growth rate (μm) and the saturation constant (ks) were 0.276 mg/mg, 0.07 /day, 0.653 /day, and 396.62 mg cod/l respectively for mlss 500...