BACKGROUND Chronic administration of morphine cause physical dependence but the exact mechanism of this phenomenon remains unclear. The aim of this study is the assessment of systemic and intracerebroventricular (icv) administration of ramelteon (a melatonin receptor agonist) on morphine physical dependence. METHODS 88 adult male rats were divided into 2 major groups, namely "systematic" and ...

Drug addiction is a destructive misfortune that leads to recession in all social fields. For this reason, proper treatment of addiction should be seriously considered. Formerly, the effectiveness of TENS and ICWS methods on the reduction of withdrawal syndrome signs in the rat was evaluated separately. In this study the interaction of these two methods were analyzed. For this purpose, four grou...

Chronic morphine administration induces functional and morphological alterations in the mesolimbic dopamine system (MLDS), which is believed to be the neurobiological substrate of opiate addiction. Our previous studies have demonstrated that peripheral electrical stimulation (PES) can suppress morphine withdrawal syndrome and morphine-induced conditioned place preference (CPP) in rats. The pres...

Preliminary evidence suggests that there is minimal withdrawal after the cessation of chronically administered buprenorphine and that opioid withdrawal symptoms are delayed compared with those of other opioids. The present study compared the time course and magnitude of buprenorphine withdrawal with a prototypical μ-opioid agonist, morphine. Healthy, out-of-treatment opioid-dependent residentia...

In this study, we determined if changes in heart catecholamine content during naloxone-induced withdrawal correlated with modifications in heart rate. In addition, we determined plasma concentrations of corticosterone as an index of the hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis. The effects of naloxone on norepinephrine, epinephrine or dopamine content and turnover, plasma concentrations of cort...

we have previously evaluated the effect of nimodipine, l-type calcium channel blocker, on memory loss during spontaneous morphine withdrawal. in the present study the effect of nimodipine on memory loss in naloxone-induced morphine withdrawal mice was investigated. mice were made dependent by increasing doses of morphine for three days. object recognition task that was used for evaluation of me...

introduction: our previous study has showed that chronic administration of magnesium oxide nanoparticles (mgo np) can reduce anxiety in adult male rat. in this study the effects of mgo np on anxiety induced by morphine withdrawal were investigated in adult male mice. methods: adult male nmri mice (weighing 27 ± 3 g) divided into groups: control, receiving intraperitoneal (i.p.) injection of mgo...

The opponent-process theory posits that the aversive state of acute opiate withdrawal is a consequence of, and depends on, the previous rewarding state evoked by acute morphine reward. Although the brainstem tegmental pedunculopontine nucleus (TPP) is crucial for the rewarding component of morphine, the source of the later aversive component is not known. It is possible that (i) the second aver...