Motor abnormalities of the oesophagus are characterised by a chronic impairment of the neuromuscular structures that co-ordinate oesophageal function. The best-defined entity is achalasia, which is discussed in a separate chapter. Other motor disorders with clinical relevance include diffuse oesophageal spasm, oesophageal dysmotility associated with scleroderma, and ineffective oesophageal moti...

The basal ganglia (BG) have long been considered a purely motor region of the brain. However, over the last couple of decades it has progressively become clear that BG are central components of different cortical-subcortical circuits, described on a basic level as ‘motor’, ‘oculomotor’, ‘associative’ and ‘limbic’, according to the function of the cortical regions involved [1]. In turn, each cir...

arkinson’s disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative disease relating to progressive degeneration of dopaminergic neurons in the substantianigra. The diagnostic criteria of PD were defined in a clinico-pathological study proposed by United Kingdom Parkinson’s Disease Society (UKPDS) in 1988. The consequence of degeneration of these neurons is depletion of dopamine in the central nervous system. There...

Objectives. To describe cognitive assessment including social cognition in SPG4 patients. Methods. We reported a series of nine patients with SPG4 mutation with an extensive neuropsychological examination including social cognition assessment. Results. None of our patients presented with mental retardation or dementia. All presented with mild cognitive impairment with a high frequency of attent...

this research has studied the language disorders of persian-speaking aphasic patients to evaluate their comprehension abilities of simple and compound nouns, and to specify the categories having the largest number of vulnerabilities. the subjects were 3 monolingual patients (2 broca’s and 1 transcortical motor aphasics) referring to speech therapy clinics of shafa hospital and welfare rehabilit...

Introduction Disorders of Feeding and Eating Overview of Feeding and Eating Mechanics Feeding Phases Linking Feeding and Developmental Milestones Defining Feeding and Eating Disorders Disorders of Feeding Gastroesophageal Reflux Disorder The Context of Feeding and Eating Caregiver and Infant Interaction The Physical Environment Cultural Context Sensory and Motor Aspects of Feeding Oral Sensory ...

Touch MEdical MEdia 53 Fasciculation, which is observed in various peripheral motor neuron disorders, is most frequently found in nonprogressive benign fasciculation syndrome (BFS). Patients with BFS never exhibit muscle atrophy or pathologic weakness and not all such patients visit hospitals; therefore, the prevalence and characteristics of BFS still need to be established. However, among the ...