A 10-year-old Japanese girl presented with multiple, small, flat, dark brown clusters of retinal pigment epithelium in both eyes. She had no other symptoms. The appearance was consistent with congenital grouped pigmentation of the retina or bear track spots. A unique co-existing feature was the presence of small, albinotic spots within the entire retina. Fluorescein angiography demonstrated a p...

Phenotypic plasticity is the ability of a given genotype to produce different phenotypes in response to distinct environmental conditions. Phenotypic plasticity can be adaptive. Furthermore, it is thought to facilitate evolution. Although phenotypic plasticity is a widespread phenomenon, its molecular mechanisms are only beginning to be unravelled. Environmental conditions can affect gene expre...

Aim: To compare incidence of iridial pigmentation prospectively induced by long term treatment with latanoprost and isopropyl unoprostone (hereafter, unoprostone) in Japanese patients with glaucoma. Methods: Patients with glaucoma treated with prostaglandin (PG) related ophthalmic solutions were sequentially enrolled. Patients treated for more than 30 months with PG related ophthalmic solutions...

AIM To compare incidence of iridial pigmentation prospectively induced by long term treatment with latanoprost and isopropyl unoprostone (hereafter, unoprostone) in Japanese patients with glaucoma. METHODS Patients with glaucoma treated with prostaglandin (PG) related ophthalmic solutions were sequentially enrolled. Patients treated for more than 30 months with PG related ophthalmic solutions...

The presence of any age-related differences in gingival pigmentation associated with smoking, particularly in a young population, remains to be fully investigated. The purpose of this study was to determine the age-related differences in smoking gingival pigmentation. Gingival pigmentation was analyzed using the gingival melanosis record (GMR) and Hedin's classification with frontal oral photog...

Cherry plum is a popular ornamental tree worldwide and most cultivars are selected for purple foliage. Here, we report the investigation of molecular mechanism underlying red pigmentation in purple-leaf plum 'Ziyeli' (Prunus cerasifera Ehrhar f. atropurpurea (Jacq.) Rehd.), which shows red color pigmentation in fruit (flesh and skin) and foliage. Six anthocyanin-activating MYB genes, designated...

1. The dormant eggs of Daphnia (Crustacea: cladocera) are encased in a protective, chitonous casing known as an ephippium. Ephippia are pigmented with melanin, and the degree of pigmentation ranges from transparent to opaque. Variation in pigmentation exists within and across populations and species, raising questions about the factors that influence the natural distribution of pigmentation. 2....

Variation in human pigmentation has long been an area of interest in biological anthropology, with the advent of genetic technologies allowing deeper plumbing of its evolutionary history. Genome-wide scans of selection show that pigmentation genes have undergone some of the strongest selection in many geographically distant populations. A variety of hypotheses for the photoprotective effects of...

Orchidaceae are well known for their fascinating floral morphologic features, specialized pollination, and distinctive ecological strategies. With their long-lasting flowers of various colors and pigmentation patterning, Phalaenopsis spp. have become important ornamental plants worldwide. In this study, we identified three R2R3-MYB transcription factors PeMYB2, PeMYB11, and PeMYB12. Their expre...