INTRODUCTION Diuretics enhance the renal excretion of Na(+) and water due to a direct action at different tubular sites of the nephron where solute re-absorption occurs. AREAS COVERED This paper focuses on the mechanism of action, pharmacodynamics, antihypertensive effects, adverse effects, interactions and contraindications of loop diuretics and potassium-sparing agents (including mineraloco...

To reduce pollution and energy consumption, particularly in the automotive industry, saving is main concern, hence, Electric vehicles (EVs) are getting significantly more attention than with internal combustion engines (IC engines). motors used Vehicles must have high efficiency for maximum utilization of from batteries or fuel cells. Also, these be compact, lightweight, less expensive very eas...

Speed feedback is indispensable not only for closed-loop controlled induction motors (IM) but also the state monitoring systems of open-loop IMs. Replacing speed sensors with estimations has many advantages including, e.g., hardware complexity reduction, sensor cabling elimination, and reduction IM drive costs. From various methods estimation proposed in literature, model reference adaptive sys...

Microbial risk assessment (MRA) evaluates the likelihood of adverse human health effects that occur following exposure to pathogenic microorganisms. This paper focuses on the potential use of MRA to provide insight to the national estimate of acute gastrointestinal illness (AGI) in the United States among persons served by public water systems. This article defines MRA, describes how MRA is imp...

The Cramér-Rao bound (CRB) offers a lower bound on the variances of unbiased estimates of parameters, e.g., directions of arrival (DOA) in array processing. While there exist landmark papers on the study of the CRB in the context of array processing, the closed-form expressions available in the literature are not easy to use in the context of sparse arrays (such as minimum redundancy arrays (MR...

Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in microRNAs (miRNAs) or their target sites (miR-SNPs) within the 3'-UTR of mRNAs are increasingly thought to play a major role in pathological dysregulation of gene expression. Here, we studied the functional role of miR-SNPs on miRNA-mediated post-transcriptional regulation of gene expression. First, analyses were performed on a SNP located in the miR-15...

With the aim to achieve high dynamic performances under system uncertainties and load torque even at very low speed range, this paper presents a novel robust sensorless speed vector control strategy for single phase induction motor (SPIM). The proposed strategy includes a speed controller and a model reference adaptive system (MRAS) estimation algorithm of rotor speed both are based sliding mod...