Elevated anthropogenic nitrogen (N) deposition has greatly altered terrestrial ecosystem functioning, threatening ecosystem health via acidification and eutrophication in temperate and boreal forests across the northern hemisphere. However, response of forest soil acidification to N deposition has been less studied in humid tropics compared to other forest types. This study was designed to expl...

stress-related mucosal damage (srmd) is a significant cause of morbidity and mortality in critically ill patients due to the gastrointestinal blood loss. prophylaxis of srmd with proton pump inhibitors or histamine-2 blockers has gained widespread use in intensive care units. both demonstrated to be effective in reducing clinically significant bleedings, while ppis has shown to exert some anti ...

mucosal surfaces of the body provide a universal entry portal for all known and emerging infectious pathogenic microbes. therefore, it seems that special vaccination strategies are needed for vaccines that can hinder the entry capability of pathogenic microbes through the mucosal surfaces. lactic acid bacteria are widely used in the food industry and are presently applied as delivery vehicles i...

A microphysiometer was used to quantify the rate of extracellular acidification by C6 glioma cells and L fibroblasts expressing recombinant dopamine D2 receptors. The dopamine D2 receptor agonist, quinpirole, accelerated the rate of acidification of the medium by C6 cells expressing either the short or long form of D2 receptors, D2(415) and D2(444), but not by wild-type cells that were not tran...

Acidification of the endosomal pathway is important for ligand and receptor sorting, toxin activation, and protein degradation by lysosomal acid hydrolases. Fluorescent probes and imaging methods were developed to measure pH to better than 0.2 U accuracy in individual endocytic vesicles in Swiss 3T3 fibroblasts. Endosomes were pulse labeled with transferrin (Tf), alpha 2-macroglobulin (alpha 2M...

Inhibitors of endosome acidification or cathepsin proteases attenuated infections mediated by envelope proteins of xenotropic murine leukemia virus-related virus (XMRV) and Ebola virus, as well as ecotropic, amphotropic, polytropic, and xenotropic murine leukemia viruses (MLVs), indicating that infections by these viruses occur through acidic endosomes and require cathepsin proteases in the sus...

Extracellular adenosine 5'-triphosphate (ATP) is a damage-associated molecular pattern and contributes to inflammation associated diseases including cancer. Extracellular acidosis is a novel danger signal in the inflammatory sites, where it can modulate inflammation, immunity and tumor growth. Extracellular acidification was shown to inhibit P2X7-mediated channel currents, while it remains unkn...