Multi-Echelon Distribution Systems are broadly used in practice and have been much studied in the literature. Most of these studies address issues related to the movement of flows throughout the system from their origins to their final destinations. A recent trend is to also focus on the management of the vehicle fleets required to provide transportation among the different echelons of the syst...

The effective management of supply chains depends upon the ability of decision makers to control inventory while maintaining customer service at low cost. This paper examines an analytical model for the two-echelon one warehouse and multiple retailers system using (R, Q) inventory policies. A simulation model was developed to analyze the performance of the analytical model under conditions that...

Multi-echelon distribution systems are quite common in supply-chain and logistic management. They are used by public administrations in their transportation and traffic planning strategies as well as by companies to model their distribution systems. In the literature, most studies address issues related to the movement of flows throughout the system from the origins to their final destinations....

An optimisation-based control framework that simultaneously determines the optimal inventory and product pricing policies is developed for multi-product, multi-echelon supply chain networks. The optimisation problem aims at adjusting the available manufacturing resources, product distribution, inventories and prices for the entire supply chain network to satisfy demand while maximising network ...

Most research on supply chain management deals with settings where firms do not voluntarily get rid of inventory in the system. Since voluntary inventory reductions are often observed in practice, in this paper, we propose a (multi-echelon) model where the firm can dispose of excess stock through sales in the secondary market at each stage in the supply chain. What are called nested echelon bas...

this paper aims to investigate the integrated production/distribution and inventory planning for perishable products with fixed life time in the constant condition of storage throughout a two-echelon supply chain by integrating producers and distributors. this problem arises from real environment in which multi-plant with multi-function lines produce multi-perishable products with fixed life ti...

in the recent decade, special attention is paid to reverse logistic due to economic benefits of recovery and recycling of used products as well as environmental legislation and social concerns. on the other hand، many researches claim that separately and sequential planning of forward and reverse logistic causes sub-optimality. effective transport activities are also one of the most important c...

Multi-echelon, multi-indenture spare parts inventory control subject to system availability and budget constraints, Reliability Engineering and System Safety, This is a PDF file of an unedited manuscript that has been accepted for publication. As a service to our customers we are providing this early version of the manuscript. The manuscript will undergo copyediting, typesetting, and review of ...

In the two-echelon vehicle routing problem (2E-VRP), distribution network is split into two echelons. Different vehicles are operated on first and second echelon to maintain economies of scale adhere any restrictions that may be present in either echelon. Intermediate facilities located at borders echelons facilitate consolidation transshipment goods between Examples systems include express del...