The availability of data for the size of the “Underground Economy” is important for macroeconomic policy. We use fuzzy set theory and fuzzy logic to construct an annual time-series for the (unobservable) New Zealand underground economy over the period 1968 to 1994. Two input variables are used – the effective tax rate and an index of the degree of regulation. The resulting underground economy t...

The availability of data for the size of the “underground economy” (UE) is important for macroeconomic policy. We use fuzzy set theory and fuzzy logic to construct an annual time-series for the (unobservable) New Zealand UE over the period 1968–1994. Two input variables are used—the effective tax rate and an index of the degree of regulation (REG). The resulting UE time-series is compared with ...

Regardless of the advent of high-throughput sequencing, microarrays remain central in current biomedical research. Conventional microarray analysis pipelines apply data reduction before the estimation of differential expression, which is likely to render the estimates susceptible to noise from signal summarization and reduce statistical power. We present a probe-level framework, which capitaliz...

Multiple Sclerosis (MS) is a prevalent neurological and non-traumatic disease which is most common in young and adult women. Multiple Sclerosis is a disabling disease can affect various aspects of life. Studies have reported that complement and alternative treatments can have positive effects on people with MS. Exercise presents an important behavioral approach for counteracting the declines in...

‎a common approach to determine efficient solutions of a multiple objective optimization problem‎ ‎is reformulating it to a parameter dependent scalar optimization problem‎. ‎this reformulation is called scalarization approach‎. here, a well-known scalarization approach named pascoletti-serafini scalarization is considered‎. first, some difficulties of this scalarization are discussed and then ...

This study approaches multiple causes of death to analyze the associations between causes of death from non-communicable diseases, age, and gender in 3,106 death certificates issued in 1998, comprising individuals who were 20 years old or over and resided in Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais State, Brazil. The multiple cause of death approach, by considering all the diagnoses mentioned in the death ...