The aim of this study was to identify the risk factors for cholera during an outbreak in Nigeria. Cases were defined as recent onset of acute diarrhoea with dehydration in a patient hospitalised at the Infectious Diseases Hospital in Kano City. Meningitis patients admitted concurrently at the same hospital were recruited as unmatched controls. Data were collected on age, sex, place of residence...

The inability to accurately assess exposure has been one of the major shortcomings of epidemiologic studies of disinfection by-products (DBPs) in drinking water. A number of contributing factors include a) limited information on the identity, occurrence, toxicity, and pharmacokinetics of the many DBPs that can be formed from chlorine, chloramine, ozone, and chlorine dioxide disinfection; b) the...

The design of industrial and municipal incinerators is based on combustion and heat considerationsl The procedures are given for calculating the quantities of air, flue gas, water and heat, as well as the gas temper­ atures. To assist the reader, a municipal incinerator is used as an example. The relation between refuse analysis and flue gas analysis is explained. Sections on dry and wet dust c...

Degradation of Iodinated X-Ray Contrast Media by Ozone and Ozone/H2O2 High solubility in water Low vapour pressure Low distribution coefficient, log kow = 2.33 Low potential for adsorption Low potential for bioaccumulation Chemical and biological stability Option 1. • Removal by conventional municipal wastewater treatment “There is no significant removal of x-ray contrast media by conventional ...

The informal social control over alcohol consumption that was traditional in Southern European countries has weakened. At the same time there is an increase in binge drinking and drunkenness among young people in Spain. To mitigate this problem, regulations on alcohol and driving and restrictions on the sale and consumption of alcohol have been adopted. This paper documents the current regulati...

Canadian municipalities spend $12 to $15 billion annually on infrastructure but it never seems to be enough. Moreover, some municipal water systems in Canada were installed over 100 years ago. The challenge of funding infrastructure renewal is not really a financial challenge so much as it is a planning challenge. The developed funding renewal plan considers several factors and their effect on ...

Wonju is the first municipality in the Republic of Korea to fund the Healthy City project through municipal revenues from the local tobacco consumption tax. We investigated the process of the local tobacco consumption tax being approved as the main source of financing for the local Healthy City project. We also examined the sustainability and sufficiency of the funding by looking at the pricing...

Industries produce millions of cubic meters of effluent every year and the wastewater produced may be released into the surrounding water bodies, treated on-site or at municipal treatment plants. The determination of organic matter in the wastewater generated is very important to avoid any negative effect on the aquatic ecosystem. The scope of the present work is to assess the physicochemical c...

Landfills are a significant source of greenhouse gases, which contribute to the process of global warming. In the region covered by the Gulf Co-operation Council (GCC), changes in consumption patterns have led to an excessive dump of municipal solid waste (MSW). Thus, it is clearly an important time to re-evaluate conventional waste management protocols in order to establish methods that not on...

In a previous study (Saito et al. submitted for publication 2002), we showed that PFOS contamination in surface waters has occurred all over Japan: concentrations were found to be in the range of 0.2-157 ng/L with a geometric mean (geometric standard deviation) of 2.37 (4.13) (n=126), These levels were much lower than those found in the Tennessee River (Hansen et al 2002). However, we found tha...