Torticollis can arise from nonocular (usually musculoskeletal) and ocular conditions. Some facial asymmetries are correlated with a history of early onset ocular torticollis supported by the presence of torticollis on reviewing childhood photographs. When present in an adult, this type of facial asymmetry with an origin of ocular torticollis should help to confirm the chronicity of the defect a...

an excellent paper1 on the operative treatment of spasmodic torticollis, give the following-summary of conclusions :? i. Palliative treatment, whether by drugs, apparatus, or electricity, will rarely prove successful in well-established spasmodic torticollis.

OBJECTIVE To investigate the long term outcome of selective ramisectomy denervation in patients with botulinum toxin resistant spasmodic torticollis. BACKGROUND The published surgical series of ramisectomy treatment for torticollis do not provide systematic information on patients who develop resistance to the current standard of treatment-botulium toxin injections. Moreover, there is little ...

Neglected or undiagnosed congenital muscular torticollis in adults is quite rare, although it is the third most common congenital deformity in the newborn (1). When left untreated at an early age, deficits in lateral and rotational range of motion can occur along with irreversible facial and skeletal deformities that develop over time. Subtle cases can go unnoticed until early adulthood, with p...

Acquired torticollis can be the result of several different pathological mechanisms. It is generally related to trauma, tumors, and inflammatory processes of the cervical muscles, nerves, and vertebral synovia. Although upper respiratory tract and neck inflammation are common causes of acute febrile torticollis in children, diseases with as yet undefined relationships may also result in tortico...

While congenital muscular torticollis (CMT) can occur along with other conditions, such as clavicle fracture or brachial plexus injury, these conditions exist outside the sternocleidomastoid muscle (SCM). We present a rare case with concurrence of CMT and a malignant tumor inside the same SCM, along with serial clinical and radiological findings of the atypical features of CMT. The malignant tu...

The congenital absence of a skeletal muscle is a rare cause of congenital muscular torticollis, and the condition is associated with various unusual anatomical structures. We describe a rare case of congenital absence of the sternocleidomastoid muscle associated with squamous cell carcinoma of the tongue in a patient who underwent neck dissection. In this case, both the external jugular vein an...

Study Design. Retrospective case series of atlantoaxial rotatory fixed dislocation (AARFD). Objective. To describe clinical features and the surgical treatment of AARFD. Summary of Background Data. The classification and treatment strategy for atlantoaxial rotatory fixation (AARF) were previously described and remained controversial. AARF concomitant with atlantoaxial dislocation has different ...