This paper describes how default dermal exposure values can be adjusted with modifier values for specific work situations. The work presented here is supplementary to a toolkit developed for the EU RISKOFDERM project. This toolkit is intended for the assessment and management of dermal risks in small and medium sized enterprises. Potential dermal exposure (on the outer envelope of the body) is ...

Dominant modifiers of position-effect variegation of Drosophila melanogaster were tested for their effects on the variegation of genes normally located in heterochromatin. These modifiers were previously isolated as strong suppressors of the variegation of euchromatic genes and have been postulated to encode structural components of heterochromatin or other products that influence chromosome co...

Aflatoxins are compounds with a hepatotoxic, carcinogenic, and teratogenic potential that can affect either humans or animals (MOSS, 2002; SALEEMULLAH et al., 2006; D’MELLO; MACDONALD, 2002). According to an IARC estimates (INTERNATIONAL..., 2002), aflatoxins can be considered carcinogenic to humans (group I). The conditions that promote mycotoxin production are usually more restricted than tho...

This review highlights developments in mycotoxin analysis and sampling over a period between mid-2007 and mid-2008. It covers the major mycotoxins: aflatoxins, Alternaria toxins, cyclopiazonic acid, fumonisins, ochratoxin, patulin, trichothecenes, and zearalenone. Some aspects of natural occurrence, particularly if linked to novel aspects of analytical methods, are also included. The review dem...

Patulin is a mycotoxin with carcinogenic, mutagenic and teratogenic potential mainly produced by several species of Pennicillium, Aspergillus and Byssoclamys. This toxin has been found in fresh food such as fruits and vegetables, but may also be present in commercial apple juices and other food products. Food contamination with this toxin had led, over the years, to intense investigations relat...

In Drosophila melanogaster, heterochromatin-induced silencing or position-effect variegation (PEV) of a reporter gene has provided insights into the properties of heterochromatin. Class I modifiers suppress PEV, and class II modifiers enhance PEV when the modifier gene is present in fewer than two doses. We have examined the effects of both class I and class II modifiers on four PEV mutations. ...

On the naive account of scalar modifiers like more than and at least, At least three girls snored is synonymous with More than two girls snored, and both sentences mean that the number of snoring girls exceeded two (the same, mutatis mutandis, for sentences with at most and less/fewer than). We show that this is false and propose an alternative theory, according to which superlative modifiers (...