To elucidate the role of intracellular Na(+) kinetics in the mechanism for ischemic preconditioning (IPC), we measured intracellular Na(+) concentration ([Na(+)](i)) using (23)Na-magnetic resonance spectroscopy in isolated rat hearts. IPC significantly delayed the initial [Na(+)](i) increase (d[Na(+)](i)/dt) compared with non-IPC control, resulting in attenuation of Na(+) accumulation (Delta[Na...

There is evidence that intracellular Na+ entry potentiates hypoxic-ischemic cell death by causing cytotoxic cell edema, intracellular acidosis, and gating of Ca2+ entry by reverse activation of the Na(+)-Ca2+ exchanger. In this study, we examined the role of Na+ in mediating traumatic injury to spinal cord axons. Dorsal column segments from adult rats (n = 87) were isolated and maintained in an...

distances Different distances between two given vectors Description These functions are used for calculating different distances between two given vectors. Thus, L1.dist calculates the L1 distance, cosin.dist calculates the cosine distance, euclidian.dist computes the Euclidian distance, and rank.cor.dist computes the rank correlation distance. The vectors have to have same length. When using r...

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Karen Brown and Daniel Gilfoyle (eds), Healing the herds: disease, livestock economies, and the globalization of veterinary medicine, Ecology and History series, Athens, OH, Ohio University Press, 2010, pp. x, 299, £22.50 (paperback 978-0-8214-1885-7). Thomas Bryant, Friedrich Burgdörfer (1890–1967). Eine diskursbiographische Studie zur deutschen Demographie im 20. Jahrhundert, Pallas Athene, B...

Mariola Espinosa, Epidemic invasions: yellow fever and the limits of Cuban independence, 1878–1930, University of Chicago Press, 2009, pp. x, 189, $22.50, £15.50 (paperback 978-0-226-21812-0). Robert Fox (ed.), Thomas Beddoes, 1760–1808, papers of a special issue, Notes and Records of the Royal Society, 63 (3), London, Royal Society Publishing, 2009, pp. 110, £10.00. (Orders to: debbie.vaughan@...