The gut epithelium prevents bacterial access to the host's tissues and coordinates a number of mucosal defenses. Here, we review function epithelial inflammasomes in infected host focus on their role defense against Salmonella Typhimurium. This pathogen employs flagella swim towards type III secretion system (TTSS) dock invade intestinal cells. Flagella TTSS components are recognized by canonic...

Inflammasomes are multimeric protein complexes that mediate the activation of inflammatory caspases. One central component of inflammasomes is nucleotide-binding domain (NBD)- and leucine-rich repeat (LRR)-containing proteins (NLRs) that can function as pattern recognition receptors (PRRs). In resting cells, NLR proteins exist in an auto-inhibited, monomeric, and ADP-bound state. Perception of ...

The NLR family apoptosis inhibitory proteins (NAIPs) bind conserved bacterial ligands, such as the bacterial rod protein PrgJ, and recruit NLR family CARD-containing protein 4 (NLRC4) as the inflammasome adapter to activate innate immunity. We found that the PrgJ-NAIP2-NLRC4 inflammasome is assembled into multisubunit disk-like structures through a unidirectional adenosine triphosphatase polyme...

The neuronal apoptosis inhibitory protein (NAIP) is a member of a novel family of inhibitor of apoptosis (IAP) proteins. The IAP genes are highly conserved from baculovirus to metazoans and suppress apoptosis induced by a variety of triggers both in vitro and in vivo. Here we describe the generation and characterization of mice with the targeted deletion of NAIP1. We demonstrate that the NAIP1-...

The U.S. Forest Service, Inventory and Analysis (FIA) program is tasked with making reporting estimates of various forest attributes using a design-based network permanent sampling plots. To make its more precise, FIA uses technique known as post-stratification to group plots into homogenous classes, which helps lower variance when deriving population means. Currently nationally available map t...