Honey authenticity is defined by the Codex Alimentarius standard, the EU Honey Directive and several national legislations. The Codex and EU standards were recently revised. The authenticity of honey and other bee products have two aspects. Authenticity in respect of production i.e. to prevent adulteration by addition of other food ingredients by correct beekeeping practice and processing. The ...

A triangular mixed finite element model for the elasto-plastic analysis of Kirchhoff plates is presented. The proposed discretization is based on rigid in bending elements connected by means of rotational springs between the inter-element sides and constant bending moments on the influence area of each node. The continuity of the normal bending moment through the sides allows a standard Helling...

In natural sciences, the most interesting and relevant questions are the socalled why-questions. What is a why-question? A why-question is nothing else than a question in the form “Why P?” (or “Why is P true?”) where P is an arbitrary statement. There are several different approaches to why-questions and explanations in the literature, see, for example, [5], [6], [7], [15]. However, most of the...

Automatic access to information regarding macromolecular binding relationships would provide a valuable resource to the biomedical community. We report on a pilot project to mine such information from the molecular biology literature. The program being developed takes advantage of natural language processing techniques and is supported by two repositories of biomolecular knowledge. A formative ...

Contrary to modern stereotypes, the laws of natural world used be considered a fundamental part young women’s education.

Abstract. Dedekind symbols are generalizations of the classical Dedekind sums (symbols). There is a natural isomorphism between the space of Dedekind symbols with Laurent polynomial reciprocity laws and the space of modular forms. We will define a new elliptic analogue of the Apostol-Dedekind sums. Then we will show that the newly defined sums generate all odd Dedekind symbols with Laurent poly...

There are two possible answers: the universe and life and its diversity—natural phenomena—are the product of 1) a combination of only natural laws and chance (the “naturalistic hypothesis)”; or 2) a combination of law, chance, and design—the activity of a mind or some form of intelligence that has the power to manipulate matter and energy (the “design hypothesis”). The latter produces purpose, ...

We introduce a natural definition of Riesz measures and Wishart laws associated to an Ω-positive (virtual) quadratic map, where Ω ⊂ Rn is a regular open convex cone. We give a general formula for moments of the Wishart laws. Moreover, if the quadratic map has an equivariance property under the action of a linear group acting on the cone Ω transitively, then the associated Riesz measure and Wish...

Under image scaling transform, two interaction models of image intensity gradient fields display unusual power scaling laws. These scalings are very universal in texture images and images of natural scenes, and robust against noise and image local deformation. An image similarity measure is developed in terms of these scaling laws. This similarity measure has graceful properties such as invaria...

Power laws are found in a wide range of diierent systems: from sand piles to word occurrence frequencies and to the size distribution of cities. The natural emergence of these power laws in so many diierent systems, which has been called self organized criticality, seems rather mysterious and awaits a rigorous explanation. In this letter we study the stationary regime of a previously introduced...