1. We measured the effects of variation in corolla curvature and nectary aperture radius on pollinator foraging ability using the hawkmoth Manduca sexta and 3D-printed artificial flowers whose shapes were mathematically specified. 2. In dimorphic arrays containing trumpet-shaped flowers and flat-disk flowers, hawkmoths were able to empty the nectaries of significantly more trumpet-shaped flower...

Here, we studied the interaction and assessed exploitation of feeding nesting resources by exotic versus local ants in farmlands 2010 2021 southern Cameroon. We considered invaded non-plots invasive ant Wasmannia auropunctata randomly selected checked plant species for presence native associated like Extrafloral Nectaries (EFN), Honeydew Producing Hemipterans (HPH) Shelters (SH). Twenty-five ou...

Photo 1. Extrafloral nectar production by extrafloral nectaries located in vegetative parts (base of leaf petiole) Qualea multiflora. is mainly produced early the morning (A–C) and at night (D) attracting mutualists ants (Photo 3) that protect host plant against herbivore attack. credit: Eduardo Calixto. 2. Inflorescence multiflora (A), which also bears base each flower bud (B). When on leaves ...

Two new species of the ascosporic yeast genus Metschnikowia were isolated from nectaries and associated muscoid flies of flowers from the common milkweed (Asclepias syriaca) in North America, and are described as Metschnikowia vanudenii [type strain=PYCC 4650(T)=CBS 9134(T)=NRRL Y-27243(T)=UWO(PS) 86A4.1(T)] and Metschnikowia lachancei [type strain=PYCC 4605(T)=CBS 9131(T)=NRRL Y-27242(T)=UWO(P...