in western asia, afghan refugees constitute one of the main vulnerable populations with drug and hiv treatment needs. however, there is not considerable provision of drug and hiv services for this group. the study aimed to describe the provision of drug treatment and harm reduction services for afghan refugees in iran, the most populous persian gulf country. with the collaboration of the united...

This study examines patterns of injecting drug use and hepatitis C (HCV) risk behavior among injecting drug users. A survey of injecting drug users attending needle and syringe programs (NSPs) in the Sydney metropolitan area and members of NSW Users and AIDS Association (NUAA) yielded 336 responses. Demographic, behavioral and drug-use information was collected from injecting drug users aged fr...

aims: needle stick accidents are a serious health risk for blood-borne infections among health care workers. this study was conducted to evaluate the frequency of needle stick injuries in health care workers and its related factors. instrument & methods: this cross-sectional study was carried on hcws of shahid beheshti hospital of kashan city, iran (270 individuals), from september 2013 to marc...

Administration of insulin via a pen device may be advantageous over a vial and syringe system. Hofman and colleagues introduce a new insulin pen needle, the NovoTwist, to simplify injections to a small group of children and adolescents. Their overall preferences and evaluation of the handling of the needle are reported in the study. This new needle has the potential to ease administration of in...

Intradermal administration of naked DNA with a conventional needle syringe is simple and inexpensive method to expose an encoded antigen the dermal immune system. We aimed enhance intradermal gene expression pyro-drive jet injector using pig skin, which similar in structure biomechanical properties human skin. When Cy3-labeled plasmid (pCy3) was applied skin injector, pCy3 distributed preferent...

BACKGROUND Over 14 million people die each year from infectious diseases despite extensive vaccine use [1]. The needle and syringe--first invented in 1853--is still the primary delivery device, injecting liquid vaccine into muscle. Vaccines could be far more effective if they were precisely delivered into the narrow layer just beneath the skin surface that contains a much higher density of pote...

Hepatic sinusoids of human liver samples obtained by surgical or needle biopsy were examined under the scanning and transmission electron microscopes (SEM and TEM). The surgically obtained tissues were perfused, by the use of a needle and syringe, with Ringer solution and successively with glutaraldehyde solution through the cut ends of blood vessels, while the needle biopsy pieces were perfuse...