This review updates and complements the review of energy balance and body composition in the Proceedings of the 2003 IOC Consensus Conference on Sports Nutrition. It argues that the concept of energy availability is more useful than the concept of energy balance for managing the diets of athletes. It then summarizes recent reports of the existence, aetiologies, and clinical consequences of low ...

sixty eight holstein cows, 38 primiparous and 30 multiparous ones, were employed in a randomized complete block design, blocked to evaluate the effects of 2 diets in various ruminal fermentable carbohydrate sources (ground corn vs rolled wheat) on rumen fermentation and performance during preparturient period. primiparous and multiparous cows were blocked by parity. the cows were fed diets as t...

Methamphetamine (MA) appears to produce neurotoxic effects, in part, through disruptions of energy metabolism. A recent study of the whole-body proteome of Drosophila melanogaster showed many changes in energy metabolism-related proteins, leading us to hypothesize that MA toxicity may cause whole-body disruptions of energy metabolism. To test this, we monitored the response of energy reserves a...

A long-term N balance study was carried out to determine the adequacy of an estimated protein requirement level recommended for young healthy Nigerian women and the effect of the menstrual cycle on the requirement. Eleven healthy young women, 25 (SD 2.6) years, were fed on a diet providing 0.6 g protein (N x 6.25)/kg per d and an average energy intake of 0.17 (SD 0.012) MJ/kg per d. Urine, faec...

INTRODUCTION Ballet dancers (BDs) have a negative energy balance related to physical training that results in alterations in body composition, sexual development, and adipokine secretion. Our aims were to study anthropometric parameters, body composition, and their relationship with adipokines throughout pubertal development. SUBJECTS AND METHODS We carried out a prospective follow-up study o...

The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of running a 1000-mile (1600 km) endurance sled dog race on serum insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) and insulin-like growth factor binding proteins 1 and 3 (IGFBP-1 and IGFBP-3). Serum was examined from 12 sled dogs prior to the race, at midrace (approximately 690 km), and again at the finish. IGF-1, IGFBP-1, and IGFBP-3 were assesse...

The double impulse is introduced as a substitute of the fling-step near-fault ground motion and a critical elastic–plastic response of a two-degree-of-freedom (2DOF) building structure under the “critical double impulse” is evaluated. Since only the free-vibration appears under such double impulse, the energy balance approach plays an important and essential role in the derivation of the soluti...

Orexin-containing neurons regulate wakefulness, and loss of orexin produces narcolepsy. Recent studies of mice lacking orexin neurons have shown that these cells also play essential roles in the control of feeding and energy balance.

An exact invariant is derived for n-degree-of-freedom Hamiltonian systems with general time-dependent potentials. The invariant is worked out in two equivalent ways. In the first approach, we define a special Ansatz for the invariant and determine its time-dependent coefficients. In the second approach, we perform a two-step canonical transformation of the initially time-dependent Hamiltonian t...

Calorimetry is the basis of the science of nutrition, a statement I iirst saw as the title of a paper by the chief of the department of medicine at the Mayo Foundation (Wilder, 1959). Our science began when Lavoisier put a guinea pig into a calorimeter, measured the amount of ice melted and showed that this was quantitatively related to the amount of fixed air or carbon dioxide given off by the...