Glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) and Neurturin (NRTN) bind to a receptor complex consisting of a member of the GDNF family receptor (GFR)-α and the Ret tyrosine kinase. Both factors were shown to protect nigro-striatal dopaminergic neurons and reduce motor symptoms when applied terminally in toxin-induced Parkinson's disease (PD) models. However, clinical trials based on intra...

In a previous study we used P2 receptor antagonists to inhibit diverse responses that nerve growth factor (NGF) promotes and coordinates in PC12 cells and we suggested that P2 receptors partake in the NGF signalling cascade. In this paper, we examine the direct role of extracellular P2 receptor agonists as neurotrophic factors. ATP and 2-Cl-ATP promote neurite regeneration after priming PC12 ce...

Glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) is released by glioma cells and promotes tumor growth. We have previously found that GDNF from the a chemoattractant for microglial cells, immune of central nervous system. Here we show increases matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) 9 MMP14 expression in cultured mixed sexes neonatal mice. The GDNF-induced MMP9 upregulation mediated family receptor a...

Previous studies have demonstrated increased expression and phosphorylation of tyrosine kinase receptor (TrkA, TrkB) in lumbosacral DRG after chronic (6 weeks) spinal cord (T8-T10) injury. This study examined the effects of acute SCI (48 hours, 2 weeks) on TrkA and TrkB expression and phosphorylation, and CREB and c-Jun expression in DRG. A significant increase in the number of TrkA- (1.5-3-fol...

In dopaminergic neurons, chondroitin sulfate (CS) proteoglycans play important roles in neuronal development and regeneration. However, due to the complexity and heterogeneity of CS, the precise structure of CS with biological activity and the molecular mechanisms underlying its influence on dopaminergic neurons are poorly understood. In this study, we investigated the ability of synthetic CS o...

Nerve growth factor (NGF) has been implicated as both an inhibitor and an inducer of apoptosis. Binding of NGF to its TrkA receptor is generally considered to have an antiapoptotic effect. However, neuroblastomas that overexpress TrkA have a good prognosis and frequently regress by apoptosis either spontaneously or after chemotherapeutic treatment, whereas those that express little or no TrkA a...

Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) plays an important role in neuronal survival and growth, serves as a neurotransmitter modulator, and participates in neuronal plasticity, which is essential for learning and memory. It is widely expressed in the CNS, gut and other tissues. BDNF binds to its high affinity receptor TrkB (tyrosine kinase B) and activates signal transduction cascades (IRS1/2...

genistein is a soya isoflavone, which is found naturally in legumes, such as soybeans and chickpeas. the intraperitoneal administration of the optimum dose (200 mg/kg) of genistein 24 h and 15 minbefore irradiation (8 gy at a dose rate of 1.02 gy/min) recovered the deficit in protein content (28.63±1.44%) and the dna content (21.61±8.19%) if an average of 5 intervals of autopsies 1st, 3rd, 7th,...

The RET proto-oncogene encodes a receptor tyrosine kinase for the glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor family of ligands. Loss-of-function mutations in RET are implicated in Hirschsprung disease, whereas activating mutations in RET are found in human cancers, including familial medullar thyroid carcinoma and multiple endocrine neoplasias 2A and 2B. We report here the biochemical characte...

background: the secondary genetic changes other than the promyelocytic leukemia-retinoic acid receptor (pml-rara) fusion gene may contribute to the acute promyelocytic leukemogenesis. chromosomal alterations and mutation of flt3 (fms-like tyrosine kinase 3) tyrosine kinase receptor are the frequent genetic alterations in acute myeloid leukemia. however, the prognostic significance of flt3 mutat...