The present investigation examined, by study of daily vaginal smears, whether the interaction of virgin female rats with young affected the oestrous cycle. Virgins behaving non-maternally or maternally were continuously exposed to young for extended periods. (1) All non-maternal virgins continued to cycle while 87% of maternal virgins ceased to cycle when exposed to young, and entered a series ...

BACKGROUND The use of nipple-sparing mastectomy (NSM) for both breast cancer treatment and risk reduction is increasing. There is no randomized data comparing nipple-sparing mastectomy with standard mastectomy techniques. There is evidence to suggest that ductal and lobular breast cancer arises in the terminal duct/lobular unit (TDLU). This study was undertaken to determine whether TDLUs exist ...

BACKGROUND Various methods have been recommended to decide a proper insertion depth of central venous catheter (CVC). The carina is recommended as a useful target level for the CVC tip position. We evaluated the sternal head of a right clavicle and the nipples as anatomic landmarks for determining the optimal depth of CVC in paediatric patients. METHODS Ninety children, <5 yr, undergoing cath...

BACKGROUND The purpose of this study was to identify potential predisposing factors associated with human infectious mastitis. METHODS We conducted a case-control study among breastfeeding women, with 368 cases (women with mastitis) and 148 controls. Data were collected by a questionnaire designed to obtain retrospective information about several factors related to medical history of mother a...

Abstract Introduction Breast surgery (including lumpectomy, mastectomy, augmentation, and cancer surgery) is a common intervention that women of all ages may experience. In recent research publication, it estimated up to 81.5% reported stimulation their nipples/breasts caused or enhanced sexual arousal whereas 78.2% agreed when sexually aroused such manipulation increased arousal, 59.1% had ask...

Background The anatomy of the nipple has become clinically relevant. Diagnostic techniques access the breast through nipple ducts and surgeons offer nipplesparing mastectomy. There is variation in the number of ducts reported and little is known about the spatial location of ducts, their size, and their relationship to orifices on the surface. Methods Nipple specimens were taken from 129 consec...

The percutaneous muscle biopsy technique is used in clinical practice and biomedical research. We developed a new enhanced-suction technique [suction-enhancing nipples (SEN)] and compared it with techniques currently in practice by assessing biopsy yields on anesthetized pigs. We applied the enhanced-suction technique to human subjects participating in a clinical trial. In the pig, there was a ...

Dear Sir, Accessory nipples are solitary or multiple rudimentary nipples developing along the two vertical ‘milk-lines’. Most cases are sporadic and asymptomatic. Accessory nipple occurs in 1-6% of the population and affects both genders equally.1 It is often mistaken as dermatofi broma in clinical or dermatoscopic examination. Blum et al. have reported a case of accessory nipple indistinguisha...

BACKGROUND Nipple inversion in females can be congenital or acquired. Women who desire treatment for this condition often report difficulty with breastfeeding and interference with their sexuality. However, data are limited on the demographics of patients who undergo surgery to repair inverted nipples and the associated recurrence rates and complications. OBJECTIVES The authors assessed outco...