Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in adults occurs at a prevalence rate that is higher than the prevalence of many major psychiatric disorders in adults. Thus, adult patients with ADHD often present with comorbid conditions, each of which alters the course of ADHD, overall treatment recommendations, and symptom response differently. Common ADHD comorbidities include major depressi...

The treatment of constipation aims to regulate the frequency and quantity of stool in order to promote successful defecation. Numerous studies on pharmacologic treatments and non-pharmacologic therapies for constipation have attempted to overcome limitations such as temporary and insufficient efficacy. Conventional laxatives have less adverse effects and are inexpensive, but often have limited ...

Fibromyalgia syndrome (FMS) is a common chronic musculoskeletal pain disorder of unknown etiology and characterized by generalized body pain, hyperalgesia, and other functional and emotional comorbidities. Despite extensive research, no treatment modality is effective for all FMS patients. In this paper, we briefly review the history of FMS and diagnostic criteria, and potential pathophysiologi...

Cardiac myocytes are non-neural cells that possess the capacity to propagate regenerative depolarizing potentials. This allows them to coordinate the exquisite timing necessary to orchestrate millions of these individual muscle cells to generate a heartbeat. Abnormalities of cardiac conduction and cardiac electrophysiology are central to many disease processes and account for significant morbid...

QUESTION What is the efficacy of pharmacologic and non-pharmacologic treatments for major depression and other depressive disorders in cancer populations? PERSPECTIVES Depression occurs at an increased rate in medically ill populations, including patients with cancer. In the general population, depression has been shown to be responsive to structured forms of psychotherapy and to pharmacologi...

Insomnia is highly prevalent and associated with considerable morbidity. Several very efficacious treatments, both pharmacologic and non-pharmacologic, exist for the management of insomnia. New modes of delivery and new formulations of existing sedative-hypnotic medications have been introduced. Novel agents are still being developed and tested to arrive at a hypnotic that has limited side effe...

Pediatric anxiety disorders have high prevalence rates and morbidity and are associated with considerable functional impairment and distress. They may be predictors for the development of other psychiatric disorders and, without intervention, are more likely to persist into adulthood. While evidence-based pharmacological and behavioral interventions are currently available, there remains a siza...

Pharmacologic therapy for hypertension is effective for the majo rity of patients with hypertension, but there remains a subset of the population with treatment resistant hypertension who cannot achieve their blood pressure (BP) goal despite multiple medications. For these patients at increased risk of cardio vascular disease and end-organ damage, additional therapies need to be considered. Thi...