Abstract Drought is an anomaly from normal climatic conditions, which affects most of the zones worldwide. monitoring a very crucial step to detect drought vulnerable and raise awareness about future development. The present study aimed investigate efficiency indicators: standardized precipitation index (SPI) Normalized Difference Water Index (NDWI) spatially description conditions Babylon gove...

Quantifying soil pH at manifold spatio-temporal scales is critical for examining the impacts of global change on quality. It still unclear whether meteorological data and normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) can be used to quantify in grasslands. Here, nine methods (i.e., RF: random-forest, GLR: generalized-linear-regression, GBR: generalized-boosted-regression, MLR: multiple-linear-re...