The method of types is one of the most popular techniques in information theory and combinatorics. Two sequences of equal length have the same type if they have identical empirical distributions. In this paper, we focus on Markov types, that is, sequences generated by a Markov source (of order one). We note that sequences having the same Markov type share the same so called balanced frequency m...

On the time scale of a century, the Atlantic thermohaline circulation (THC) is sensitive to the global surface salinity distribution. The advection of salinity toward the deep convection sites of the North Atlantic is one of the driving mechanisms for the THC. There is both a northward and a southward contributions. The northward salinity advection (Nsa) is related to the evaporation in the sub...

Recent climate modeling results point to the Arctic as a region that is particularly sensitive to global climate change. The Arctic warming predicted by the models to result from the expected doubling of atmospheric carbon dioxide is two to three times the predicted mean global warming, and considerably greater than the warming predicted for the Antarctic. The North Slope of Alaska–Adjacent Arc...

BACKGROUND Coxa valga is a common clinical feature of hereditary multiple exostoses (HME). The current study aimed to determine the unique developmental pattern of the hip in patients with HME and evaluate the factors that influence its progression. METHODS Thirty patients (57 hips) with HME were divided into two groups according to the Hilgenreiner epiphyseal angle (HEA). Twenty-two patients...

Negative Selection Algorithm (NSA) is an important artificial immune data classifiers generation method in Artificial Immune System (AIS) research. However, with the increase of the data dimensions, the current data classification algorithms which based on NSA exist the problems of excessive number of generated classifiers and too low classifier generation efficiency. In this paper, the Dual Ne...

This paper describes an enhanced negative selection algorithm (NSA) called Vdetector. Several key characteristics make this method a state-of-the-art advance in the decade-old NSA. First, individual-specific size (or matching threshold) of the detectors is utilized to maximize the anomaly coverage at little extra cost. Second, statistical estimation is integrated in the detector generation algo...

saturation scans. (c) and (d): 2D phase correction leads to superior water-fat separation than 1D linear phase correction (arrows). (d) also shows the chemical shift induced ringing at water-fat interface when the opposite polarity data are not combined (dashed arrows) Figure 2: Calculated NSA for the flexible echo shift strategy, where last echo is fixed at 7π/6, while ΔTE is determined by the...