Dispersal of microbes between humans and the built environment can occur through direct contact with surfaces or through airborne release; the latter mechanism remains poorly understood. Humans emit upwards of 10(6) biological particles per hour, and have long been known to transmit pathogens to other individuals and to indoor surfaces. However it has not previously been demonstrated that human...

The National Crash Severity Study data in which occupants sustained severe, critical-to-life, or fatal cervical injuries were reviewed. Of passenger cars damaged severely enough to be towed from the scene, it is estimated that one in 300 occupants sustained a neck injury of a severe nature. The neck-injury rate rose to one in 14 occupants for those ejected from their cars, although many of thes...

As occupant protection offered by new passenger vehicles has improved, there has been growing concern about the harm that some vehicle designs may inflict on occupants of other vehicles with which they collide. Preceding analyses of crash statistics have clearly demonstrated the incompatibility between passenger sedan cars (PS) and pick-up trucks (PU) involved in side impact crashes in British ...

In motor vehicle crashes, occupants who are elderly and obese are at increased risk of death and serious injury compared with young, non-obese adults. However, current procedures for evaluating vehicle safety designs are mainly conducted with crash test dummies and computational dummy/human models representing only a few sizes of young and non-obese occupants, namely large-male, mid-size male, ...

Abstract Poor air quality has been shown to reduce sleep quality. There is a limited number of studies reporting how occupants rate the in their bedrooms. The present study sheds light on this issue. It was conducted actual bedrooms and asked once awake morning using an online diary. done Denmark during heating season. 178 responses from 82 subjects were received. Nearly all respondents rated a...

OBJECTIVE To document the effects of sudden economic change on death rates for occupants of cars in the former German Democratic Republic (East Germany). DESIGN Ecological time series study of East Germany in comparison with the former Federal Republic of Germany (West Germany) before and after reunification in 1990. SETTING East and West Germany from 1985 to 1996. SUBJECTS Populations of...

The best spatial design condition to satisfy the occupancy needs of amenity and efficiency is determined through analyzing the spatial design adequacy (SDA). In this study, the relationship between the space design elements and space on future occupants' perception are analyzed. The thirty-three participants reported their self-evaluated SDA that describes the quality of eight alternative housi...