Does globalization widen inequality or increase income risk? Globalization amplifies the effect of idiosyncratic relative productivity shocks. But wider markets reduce the effect of economy-wide supply shocks on world prices. Both forces are at work in the specific factors continuum model of this paper. Ex post equilibrium exhibits positive (negative) premia for export (import-competing) sector...

The relationship between trade liberalisation and the environment has been the subject of a growing body of literature in recent years. As can be seen from the differing assessment of instrument types for environmental protection, one of the important factors for the relationship between environmental protection and economic competitiveness are regulatory stringency and efficiency. This concern...

Abstract Two‐ or more‐factor general equilibrium models commonly assume no factor intensity reversals (FIRs): a good that is relatively capital intensive compared with other goods within country/region also another country/region. This assumption so important its breakdown results in the collapse of several well‐known theorems, such as Heckscher–Ohlin theorem and Stolper–Samuelson theorem. Seei...

Abstract The rise of top-heavy inequality—earnings concentration in a very thin layer elites—calls into question our understanding the distributional effects Liberal International Order. Far more people lose from globalization, and fewer gain, than traditional economic models suggest. We review three modern trade theories (neo-Heckscher-Ohlin-Stolper-Samuelson or H-O-S-S, new theory, geography)...

The study examines the significance of Pakistan-India trade, focusing on their trade potential, impediments to bilateral trade; political barriers and non-tariff barriers. For seven decades, troubles tensions in relations have directly affected ties between two countries. unresolved issues, especially dispute over Kashmir, which is bone contention countries, continue impede normalization thus l...

the augmented gravity model was employed to determine iran's trading model and agricultural export directions in the case of cross section analysis in 2005 for 64 countries which are considered as iran's main export market. besides, another explanatory variable named trade conformity index (tci) was added to the model. this index was employed to identify iran's trading model. als...

this paper is analysing the role of economic reforms on the labour market in iranian industry in economic reform period (1990-2005), and in turn, it is comparing it with closed economic period (1979-1989). in order to do the above comparative analysis, the manufacturing industry has been categorized based on hecksher-ohlin and gause methodology. accordingly, we have some industrial groups, incl...

Abstract By simulating a multi-country general equilibrium international trade model, we investigate how the Economic Complexity Index (ECI) and Fitness (FI) are related directly to economic fundamentals with clear basis in theory. The model is based on Eaton Kortum (2002) combines factor endowment (Heckscher–Ohlin) technological (Ricardian) reasons for specialization, which further determines ...