In this paper, a decoding method incorporating word-level conndence measures for improved speech recognition is presented. At rst, we focus on the estimation of conndence measures from the word graph and evaluate them in word graph rescoring (2nd-pass in 2-pass search system). Next, we propose the lexical tree search (1st-pass in 2-pass search system) incorporating the word-level conndence meas...

In this paper we estimate the effect of income and wage rates on the labor supply of men and women, ages 20-24. Economic theory predicts a positive substitution effect and; providing leisure is a normal good, a negative income effect. In general, we do find such effects empirically. The magnitude of the results depends very heavily on whether or not we control for the young person's school stat...

One of the factors which limits the transmission capacity of the fiber optics communication channel is the material dispersion. Exact analytical study of the material dispersion is often complex and involves calculating the derivatives of the refractive index of the core. These calculations are too cumbersome to do, especially for high-order derivatives. So material dispersion has only been stu...

The dynamics of the PYP photocycle have been studied using time-resolved optical rotatory dispersion (TRORD) spectroscopy in the visible and far-UV spectral regions to probe the changes in the chromophore configuration and the protein secondary structure, respectively. The changes in the secondary structure in PYP upon photoisomerization of the chromophore can be described by two exponential li...

In a recent study on the optical rotatory dispersion of proteins with improved spectropolarimetric techniques, the negative Cotton effect with the trough in the optical rotatory dispersion curves at 233 rnp was investigated (1). According to Simmons, Blout, et al. (2, 3), the amplitude of this effect is related to the amount of the a-helical conformation. The same seems to be true of the positi...

Target audience: Researchers in the field of diffusion weighted magnetic resonance imaging interested in new tractography methods. Purpose: This work develops a tractography algorithm to leverage fibre dispersion estimates derived from fitting parametric models of orientation dispersion to diffusion data. Tractography techniques are powerful tools to probe white matter (WM) connectivity non-inv...

Superchannel transmission spaced at the symbol rate, known as Nyquist spacing, has been demonstrated for effectively maximizing the optical communication channel capacity and spectral efficiency. However, the achievable capacity and reach of transmission systems using advanced modulation formats are affected by fibre nonlinearities and equalization enhanced phase noise (EEPN). Fibre nonlinearit...

In this work, a high power Ytterbium pump laser was used in a quasicontinuous wave (CW) pump scheme to generate supercontinua in two different optical fibres, a depressed cladding, graded index highly nonlinear fibre (HNLF), and a solid core photonic crystal fibre (PCF). Pumping a 300 m length of the HNLF with a peak pump power of 140 W, a continuum with a spectral flatness of 5 dB over 1000 nm...

Current research efforts are focussed on overcoming the apparent limits of communication in single mode optical fibre resulting from distortion due to fibre nonlinearity. It has been experimentally demonstrated that this Kerr nonlinearity limit is not a fundamental limit; thus it is pertinent to review where the fundamental limits of optical communications lie, and direct future research on thi...