A Group Labeled Graph is a pair (G,Λ) where G is an oriented graph and Λ is a mapping from the arcs of G to elements of a group. A (not necessarily directed) cycle C is called non-null if for any cyclic ordering of the arcs in C, the group element obtained by ‘adding’ the labels on forward arcs and ‘subtracting’ the labels on reverse arcs is not the identity element of the group. Non-null cycle...

An algorithm for optimizing beam orientations and beam weights for conformal radiotherapy has been developed. The algorithm models the optimization of beam orientations and beam weights as a problem of mixed integer linear programming (MILP), and optimizes the beam orientations and beam weights simultaneously. The application process of the algorithm has four steps: (a) prepare a pool of beam o...

Vertical raceme or spike inflorescences that are bee-pollinated tend to present their flowers horizontally. Horizontal presentation of flowers is hypothesized to enhance pollinator recognition and pollination precision, and it may also ensure greater consistency of pollinator movement on inflorescences. We tested the hypotheses using bee-pollinated Corydalis sheareri which has erect inflorescen...

For each positive integer d, we present a bijection between the set of planar maps of girth d inside a d-gon and a set of decorated plane trees. The bijection has the property that each face of degree k in the map corresponds to a vertex of degree k in the tree, so that maps of girth d can be counted according to the degree distribution of their faces. More precisely, we obtain for each integer...

In Diffusion Weighted Magnetic Resonance Image (DW-MRI) processing, a 2nd order tensor has been commonly used to approximate the diffusivity function at each lattice point of the DW-MRI data. From this tensor approximation, one can compute useful scalar quantities (e.g. anisotropy, mean diffusivity) which have been clinically used for monitoring encephalopathy, sclerosis, ischemia and other bra...

The Vehicle Licence plate Detection Method has many applications like cars parking in hotels, traffic signal violation, electronic toll collections and border crossing vehicle etc. Any detection method has some major challenges like Licences plates have arbitrary sizes, orientations, complex backgrounds and localization of licence plates. In this paper a new vehicle licence plate detection meth...

Conceptual modeling is the defining characteristic of object-orientation and provides a unifying perspective and a pedagogical approach focusing upon the modelling aspects of object-orientation. Reinforcing conceptual modelling as a basis for CS1 provides an appealing course structure based on core elements from a conceptual framework for object-orientation as well as a systematic approach to p...