Bad management practices that occur in the industry cause a lot of harm to many parties. due managers' efforts manipulate profits. are carried out by will be aggravated if majority shareholders participate press managers make profit manipulation so earning quality becomes low. The purpose this research is find how ownership concentration affects earnings and determine ability directors reduce i...

Between 1970 and 1980, the percentage of hospitals with one or more collective bargaining contracts increased from 15.7 percent to 27.4 percent. A substantial amount of variation exists in the extent of unionism on the basis of hospital ownership, bed size, and location. Employees are more likely to organize when hospitals in the State are regulated by a mandatory rate-setting program. Unions r...

This paper provides evidence on the value of the vote hypothesis with stock price analysis around liberalization of foreign ownership restrictions in the private Indian banks. In May 2005, the Indian government removed the cap of 10 percent ownership by foreign banks, which had made takeover of Indian banks impossible for foreign banks. We hypothesize that removal of the voting cap would increa...

We test how ownership breadth predicts stock returns. Using holdings data on a representative Shanghai Stock Exchange investor sample from 1996 to 2007, we find that cross-sectionally, high breadth change quintile stocks underperform low breadth change quintile stocks by 22 percent per year, a result driven by retail investor ownership breadth. This is consistent with breadth increases primaril...