The insulin receptor substrate (IRS) proteins are cytoplasmic adaptors that organize signaling complexes downstream of activated cell surface receptors. Here, we show that IRS-1 and IRS-2, despite significant homology, play critical yet distinct functions in breast cancer, and we identify specific signaling pathways that are influenced by IRS-1 using the polyoma virus middle-T (PyV-MT) transgen...

We and others recently generated mice with a targeted disruption of the insulin receptor substrate 1 (IRS-1) gene and demonstrated that they exhibited growth retardation and had resistance to the glucose-lowering effect of insulin. Insulin initiates its biological effects by activating at least two major signalling pathways, one involving phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3-kinase) and the other...

We adopt the following rules: p1, p2, p3, p4, p5, p6, p, p7 denote points of E2 T and a, b, c, r, s denote real numbers. Next we state four propositions: (1) If sin](p1, p2, p3) = sin](p4, p5, p6) and cos](p1, p2, p3) = cos](p4, p5, p6), then ](p1, p2, p3) = ](p4, p5, p6). (2) sin](p1, p2, p3) = −sin](p3, p2, p1). (3) cos](p1, p2, p3) = cos](p3, p2, p1). (4) ](p1, p4, p2)+](p2, p4, p3) = ](p1, ...

Insulin receptor substrate-2 (IRS-2) is phosphorylated on tyrosine by a number of cytokine receptors and is implicated in the activation of phosphatidylinositol 3'-kinase (PI3-kinase). Here, we demonstrate that induction of granulocytic differentiation of human promyeloid HL-60 cells leads to an increase in the amount of IRS-2 that is phosphorylated in response to insulin-like growth factor (IG...

We have recently generated immortalized fetal brown adipocyte cell lines from insulin receptor substrate 1 (IRS-1) knockout mice and demonstrated an impairment in insulin-induced lipid synthesis as compared to wild-type cell lines. In this study, we investigated the consequences of IRS-1 deficiency on mitogenesis in response to insulin. The lack of IRS-1 resulted in the inability of insulin-sti...

The insulin receptor substrate (IRS) proteins are cytoplasmic adaptors that organize signaling complexes downstream of activated cell surface receptors. Here, we show that IRS-1 and IRS-2, despite significant homology, play critical, yet distinct functions in breast cancer and we identify specific signaling pathways that are influenced by IRS-1 using the Polyoma Virus Middle-T (PyV-MT) transgen...

Insulin receptor substrate-1 (IRS-1) is a signaling adaptor protein that interfaces with many pathways activated in lung cancer. It has been assumed that IRS-1 promotes tumor growth through its ability to activate PI3K signaling downstream of the insulin-like growth factor receptor. Surprisingly, tumors with reduced IRS-1 staining in a human lung adenocarcinoma tissue microarray displayed a sig...

objective(s):tumor-associated antigen (taa) subunit-based vaccines constitute promising tools for anticancer immunotherapy. however, a major limitation in the development of such vaccines is the poor immunogenicity of peptides when used alone.the aim of this study was to develop an efficient vaccine delivery system and adjuvant to enhance anti-tumor activity of a synthetic her2/neu derived pept...

Interleukins 9 (IL-9) and 4 are cytokines within the IL-2 receptor gamma chain (IL-2R gamma) superfamily that possess similar and unique biological functions. The signaling mechanisms, which may determine cytokine specificity and redundancy, are not well understood. IRS proteins are tyrosine-phosphorylated following IL-9 and IL-4 stimulation, a process in part mediated by JAK tyrosine kinases (...

Activity of the adeno-associated virus P5 transcriptional control region was found to be induced by adenovirus E1A gene products. A pair of adjacent sequence elements was found to mediate both basal and E1A-induced P5 activity. The first element is a binding site for the major late transcription factor (MLTF), a factor first identified on the basis of its binding to a specific sequence within t...