A range of packaging solutions exists for products that must be kept within a specific temperature range throughout the supply-and-distribution chain. This report summarizes the results of studies conducted over a span of 2 years by the Consortium for Distribution Packaging at Michigan State University. Thermal insulation packaging materials such as expanded polystyrene, polyurethane, corrugate...

The IC packaging EMC/SI/PI problems have been broadly attested while its electromagnetic emissions are becoming increasingly significant as the data rate of digital system continues increasing. This paper focuses on EM emission behaviors for IC packaging structures. It is found that packaging EMI demonstrates clearly low and high frequency behaviors. Both theoretical analysis based on the first...

Three-dimensional (3D) packaging with through-silicon-vias (TSVs) is an emerging technology featuring smaller package size, higher interconnection density, and better performance; 2.5D packaging using silicon interposers with TSVs is an incremental step toward 3D packaging. Formation of TSVs and interconnection between chips and/or wafers are two key enabling technologies for 3D and 2.5D packag...

In response to the dynamic changes in current consumer demand and market trends, the area of Active Packaging (AP) is becoming increasingly significant. Principal AP systems include those that involve oxygen scavenging, moisture absorption and control, carbon dioxide and ethanol generation, and antimicrobial (AM) migrating and nonmigrating systems. Of these active packaging systems, the AM vers...

We present an overview of comparative genomics of ATP-dependent DNA packaging systems of viruses. Several distinct ATPase motors and accessory proteins have been identified in DNA-packaging systems of viruses such as terminase-portal systems, the 29-like packaging apparatus, and packaging systems of lipid inner-membrane-containing viruses. Sequence and structure analysis of these proteins sugge...

Packaging designers often come up with splendid design proposals, without being aware of technical, marketing or economical restrictions. This leads to infeasible proposals, so many packaging design projects fail. To bridge the gap between design and marketing, a tool has been developed that shows several designs to an extensive community. Designers now have the possibility to get feedback of t...

Lung lamellar bodies, the storage organelles for lung surfactant phosphatidylcholine (PC), maintain an acidic pH that can be increased with weak bases. This study investigates the effect of a weak base, methylamine, on the pH in lamellar bodies and on the trafficking and packaging of newly synthesized PC in lamellar bodies. Methylamine increased the pH of isolated lung lamellar bodies and of la...

We present direct experimental evidence that assembly of a single-stranded RNA virus occurs via a packaging signal-mediated mechanism. We show that the sequences of coat protein recognition motifs within multiple, dispersed, putative RNA packaging signals, as well as their relative spacing within a genomic fragment, act collectively to influence the fidelity and yield of capsid self-assembly in...

The packaging of double-stranded genomic DNA into some viral and all bacteriophage capsids is driven by powerful molecular motors. In bacteriophage T4, the motor consists of the portal protein assembly composed of twelve copies of gene product 20 (gp20, 61 kDa) and an oligomeric terminase complex composed of gp16 (18 kDa) and gp17 (70 kDa). The packaging motor drives the 171-kbp T4 DNA into the...

The mechanism used by bluetongue virus (BTV) to ensure the sorting and packaging of its 10 genomic segments is still poorly understood. In this study, we investigated the packaging constraints for two BTV genomic segments from two different serotypes. Segment 4 (S4) of BTV serotype 9 was mutated sequentially and packaging of mutant ssRNAs was investigated by two newly developed RNA packaging as...