After the 2008 crisis, smart sustainable development of port areas/cities should be developed on the basis of specific principles: the synergy principle (between different actors/systems, in particular the socio-cultural and economic system), the creativity principle and the circularization principle. The Historic Urban landscape (HUL) approach becomes the guarantee that the transition toward t...

Previous research has shown that population densities of plant-parasitic nematodes are reduced when a legume crop is grown in rotation with sugarcane. However, this effect is only temporary, as nematodes usually return to high densities within 12 months of planting sugarcane. This rapid resurgence suggests that natural enemies that normally keep plant-parasitic nematodes under control in natura...

Background: Plant-parasitic nematodes are important pests of horticultural crops causing damage and significant reduction in the crop yield of pineapple. A survey was conducted to determine the types, frequency and population distribution of plant-parasitic nematodes associated with pineapple in some pineapple-producing states in Nigeria. A total of 30 farms were sampled from Delta, Imo, and Cr...

Plant-parasitic nematodes can affect seedling production in forest nurseries when host seedlings are developmentally vulnerable, nematode populations are high, or opportunistic pathogens are present. Soil fumigation has been important for plant-parasitic nematode control in forest nurseries. Regulatory changes and rising costs of fumigant application are expected to affect nursery pest manageme...

Plant parasitic nematodes cause severe damage and yield loss in major crops all over the world. Available control strategies include use of insecticides/nematicides but these have proved detrimental to the environment, while other strategies like crop rotation and resistant cultivars have serious limitations. This scenario provides an opportunity for the utilization of technological advances li...

Chemical composition, origin, and biological role of the surface coat (SC) of plant-parasitic nematodes are described and compared with those of animal-parasitic and free-living nematodes. The SC of the plant-parasitic nematodes is 5-30 nm thick and is characterized by a net negative charge. It consists, at least in part, of glycoproteins and proteins with various molecular weights, depending u...

Bioengineering strategies are being developed that will provide specific and durable resistance against plant-parasitic nematodes in crops. The strategies come under three categories: (i) transfer of natural resistance genes from plants that have them to plants that do not, to mobilize the defense mechanisms in susceptible crops; (ii) interference with the biochemical signals that nematodes exc...