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sign of the diffusion of Chinese technology; to the textual and ethnographic sources noted by the authors, a large once-molten slag flow recently excavated by Coughenour in an Ayyubid-Mamluk ironworking area near Ajlun, Jordan can now be added as further evidence of the introduction of blast-furnace technology in medieval Islamic times. In a work of this scope, some minor lapses are inevitable....

during history, few eras have been as ambiguous and dark as parthians. mithraism ideology had king’s support and promised salvation and a new after-death world to the soldiers. from this view, parthians cared about the political aspect of the religion rather than the religion itself. mithras temple is a good example of political reaction of parthians against roman religious architectures. after...

the vegetation covering of a region has a direct correlation with climate. so if data is available for vegetation cover, the second variable (climate) can be easily predicted and in reverse. the dominant species in a region are indication of its climatic conditions and vice versa. accordingly, this is of significance in the science of historical botany. fortunately, from the first millennium ad...