OBJECTIVES Correct determination of working length is an important step for success of endodontic therapy. Conventional radiography has limitations in providing the accurate location of apical foramen. For this reason, electronic apex locators (EALs) were developed to shorten the treatment time and decrease the radiation dose. The aim of this study was to evaluate the accuracy of Root ZX EAL fo...

INTRODUCTION The apical constriction (AC) has been a traditional landmark as an end point of canal preparation and obturation. However, the morphology and incidence of this structure have not been definitively determined. The purpose of this study was to determine these factors by using a noninvasive technology, micro-computed tomography. METHODS Forty extracted maxillary molar palatal roots ...

INTRODUCTION The aim of this study was to compare a clearing technique with conventional radiography in studying certain features of the root canal system in single root premolars. A secondary aim was to assess inter examiner agreement for these features using radiographs. MATERIALS AND METHODS Fifty-eight recently extracted single rooted premolars were included in this study. Two standard pe...

canal) in the extracted permanent maxillary first molars of a Sulaimani population. An ex vivo study on 180 extracted permanent maxillary first molars was conducted and the floor of the pulp was clearly exposed. The canal orifice was examined clinically by the aid of a chelating agent and magnifying lens. Patency of each canal was established by a no.10 k-type file. The results showed that 23.3...

This study evaluated temperature changes during passive ultrasonic irrigation. Root canals of three extracted maxillary canines were enlarged to size #45. Thermocouples were mounted 3, 6, and 9 mm from the apical foramen. Teeth were placed in a water bath at 37 degrees C. Distilled water (20 degrees C) was continuously delivered through an ultrasonic unit (group 1) or deposited into the root ca...

Enamel pearls are one of a number of different enamel structures that can be found on the roots of deciduous and permanent teeth. They have a distinct predilection for the furcation areas of molar, particularly the maxillary third and second molars. However, they have been found less commonly on the apical portions of the root. This report describes an unusual case of enamel pearl on apical thi...

1. In Bryophyllum calycinum two apical leaves suppress the shoot formation in all the dormant buds situated basally from the leaf; one apical leaf suppresses the shoot formation in the basal buds situated in the same half of the stem where the leaf is, and, if one-half of the petiole of such a leaf is removed, the growth of basal buds in one quadrant of the stem is suppressed. 2. This inhibitor...

The sites of gibberellin (GA) synthesis in light grown sunflower plants were studied. The results of organ excision and the exogenous application of indole acetic acid and gibberellic acid indicated that gibberellin synthesis occurred in the young leaves of the apical bud. This was substantiated using a combination of diffusion and extraction techniques. Diffusion of sunflower apical buds on ag...