[1] A one-dimensional, thermodynamic, and radiative model of a melt pond on sea ice is presented that explicitly treats the melt pond as an extra phase. A two-stream radiation model, which allows albedo to be determined from bulk optical properties, and a parameterization of the summertime evolution of optical properties, is used. Heat transport within the sea ice is described using an equation...

[1] Using electric and magnetic field and field derivative sensors arrayed over an area of about 1 km, we measured the close fields of stepped leaders and first return strokes in 18 negative cloud-to-ground lightning flashes at distances to individual sensors ranging from about 100 m to about 1 km. We present examples of the close field waveforms along with their statistical characterization as...

POND, a KL-ONE based knowledge representation language, provides the underlying structure for GATOR, a system used to gather requirements of telephony features. POND differs from a standard KL-ONE language by dividing knowledge into three levels: a Concept Level, an Instance Level, and a Model Level. The Concept and Instance Levels correspond, respectively, to KL-ONE's TBox and ABox. The Model ...

Temperature compensation contributes to the accuracy of biological timing by preventing circadian rhythms from running more quickly at high than at low temperatures. We previously identified quantitative trait loci (QTL) with temperature-specific effects on the circadian rhythm of leaf movement, including a QTL linked to the transcription factor FLOWERING LOCUS C (FLC). We have now analyzed FLC...

Submitted: May 17, 2013; Accepted: Jun 26, 2013; Published: Jun 30, 2013 Abstract: The study was conducted to see the feasibility of raft aquaponics in polyculture pond. Three experimental ponds (with an area of 5.2, 3.12 and 3.12 decimal) were selected where the third one was considered as control pond. Locally available cheap materials were used in preparing rafts, e.g., bamboo splits, iron w...

Late 19th century epidemics of tuberculosis (TB) in Western Canadian First Nations resulted in peak TB mortality rates more than six times the highest rates recorded in Europe. Using a mathematical modeling approach and historical TB mortality time series, we investigate potential causes of high TB mortality and rapid epidemic decline in First Nations from 1885 to 1940. We explore two potential...

A tree frog (Hyla arborea) metapopulation in western Switzerland was studied during spring 2001. All potential calling ponds in an area of 350 km2 were searched for tree frog calling males. Twenty-nine out of 111 ponds sheltered between 1 and 250 callers. Most ponds were occupied by less than 12 males. Pond parameters were measured at three different levels using field analysis and a Geographic...

In the Netherlands the current dike design policy is to design flood defence structures corresponding to an agreed flooding probability with an extra safety board of at least 0.5 m. For river dikes a return period of 1,250 years is used to determine the design water levels. A problem with this strategy is that it builds on assumptions with regard to the intrinsically uncertain probability distr...

Peak ground acceleration is the maximum shaking intensity parameter in geophysics. To prevent big loss of infrastructure, dam site or multistorey buildings as well power project due to any seismic hazard, it essential mitigate damages. Seismic hazard analysis for peak was carried out hydropower Gilgit Baltistan effect hazard. Seismicity and tectonic map drawn distribution events.Study region di...