The need for new classes of antibacterials is genuine in light the dearth clinical options treatment bacterial infections. prodigious discoveries antibiotics during 1940s to 1970s, a period wistfully referred as Golden Age Antibiotics, have not kept up face emergence resistant bacteria past few decades. There has been renewed interest old drugs, repurposing existing and pairing synergistic or a...

Airway inflammation is the most characterized pathological feature in asthma. The antiinflammatory effect of the adjuvants is reported. Therefore, the effect of two different natural adjuvants on white blood cells (WBC) of lung lavage of sensitized guinea pigs were examined. White blood cells count and differential WBC of lung lavage were examined in control and 3 groups of guinea pigs includin...

Oil-in-water emulsions are potent human adjuvants used for effective pandemic influenza vaccines; however, their mechanism of action is still unknown. By combining microarray and immunofluorescence analysis, we monitored the effects of the adjuvants MF59 oil-in-water emulsion, CpG, and alum in the mouse muscle. MF59 induced a time-dependent change in the expression of 891 genes, whereas CpG and...

Adjuvants are widely used to enhance the effects of vaccines against pathogen infections. Interestingly, different adjuvants and vaccination routes usually induce dissimilar immune responses, and can even have completely opposite effects. The mechanism remains unclear. In this study, urease B subunit (UreB), an antigen of Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) that can induce protective immune respons...

While tremendous efforts are undergoing towards finding an effective HIV-1 vaccine, the search for an HIV-1 vaccine adjuvant lags behind and is understudied. More recently, however, efforts have focused on testing adjuvant formulations that can boost the immune response and generate broadly neutralizing antibodies to HIV-1 ENV (gp160). Despite this, there remain a number of challenges towards a...

Agrochemical risk assessment that takes into account only pesticide active ingredients without the spray adjuvants commonly used in their application will miss important toxicity outcomes detrimental to non-target species, including humans. Lack of disclosure of adjuvant and formulation ingredients coupled with a lack of adequate analytical methods constrains the assessment of total chemical lo...

Several approaches have been developed to improve or replace the only available vaccine for tuberculosis (TB), BCG (Bacille Calmette Guerin). The development of subunit protein vaccines is a promising strategy because it combines specificity and safety. In addition, subunit protein vaccines can be designed to have selected immune epitopes associated with immunomodulating components to drive the...